展子虔(约545—618年),隋代绘画大师,汉族,渤海(今山东阳信)人。历经东魏、北齐、北周、隋朝,到隋代为隋文帝所召,任朝散大夫、帐内都督等职。
年少刻苦
展子虔生于公元545年,正值东魏末期,恰逢东西两魏“玉壁之战”。他从出生起就伴随着战争环境,高氏篡魏、北周灭齐,你方唱罢我登场,政权更迭频繁。展子虔的童年和少年时光在乱世之中度过。童年的展子虔表现出了绘画的天赋,手持树枝能在土地上将花鸟鱼虫描绘的惟妙惟肖。在父母的支持下,展子虔开始拜师学艺,走上了绘画之路。
入朝作画
经历东魏、北齐、北周的乱世之后,展子虔在进入隋朝之时一心只想过安定生活。但是刚刚取得天下不久的隋朝皇帝知道了展子虔的才华,命人将展子虔请入朝中,封为朝散大夫。随后展子虔凭借过人的学识和一心为民的优秀品格,又晋升为帐内都督,一直到晚年告老还乡。
展子虔身为文官,公务较为闲暇,这为他的绘画创作提供了有利条件。由于他生性耿直,在官场中很不得地,朋友也不多。他却十分泰然,潜心作画。他在为官之余研习书画,生活简朴,不断探索新的绘画技法,在山水画的研究上成就显著,创立了“青绿山水”的绘画形式。从已知的山水画迹来看,青绿山水的鼻祖当推展子虔。他是绘画史上承上启下的画家,所处地位具有不同寻常的意义。
晚年传奇
展子虔在晚年时期辞去官职,回归故里渤海郡,以画为业,寄情于书画之中,直至终老。就是这样一位成就突出、影响唐代绘画发展的画家,历史文献却很少有关他生平的记载。根据唐代画史文献的粗略记载,展子虔被隋文帝所诏时来自黄河下游以北地区,后来又有“渤海人”之说,故展子虔之故里应为隋代之渤海郡(郡治今山东阳信县)一带。他辗转于大江南北,在洛阳、西安、扬州及浙江等地的寺观中创作了许多壁画。所绘物象,生动而富情趣,颇受时人重视,与当时另一画家董伯仁齐名,人称“董展”。
笔墨技法
展子虔所绘人物全以细劲的线条勾描,纤如毫发,人物形态神采奕奕;其画山水,更是一丝不拘,画面显得柔美流畅;而所绘树叶,纵有勾笔、散点画法,却类似“个”、“介”字点法,似不成形,然显得朴拙古拗。那山顶坡脚的点苔,劲健爽朗,显得浑朴谨拙;树木种类繁多,运笔流畅,笔法墨法有轻重变化,虽未用皴法,却仍能看出山石树木的质感。
设色敷彩
展子虔擅画青绿山水,其作品中山石树木虽然空勾无皴,然全以色渲染。山水以青绿设色为主,山顶以青绿敷之,山脚则用泥金;树叶设色,或以色染,或以色填,或点以白粉桃红,松树不写松针,直以深绿点之。全图在青绿设色的统一格调下,显得潋滟而生拙,丰富而单纯,富丽而古艳,充分展示出我国早期山水设色那种“青绿重彩,工细巧整”的样式,标志着山水画的创作,已从原先设色古艳而富有装饰意味的图式,向较为完整的山水画创作过渡,自此始开青绿山水之源。
构图布局
展子虔作画讲究布局的巧妙性,以《游春图》为例,右上部分绘有崇山峻岭,山峦起伏,数峰叠起;右下部绘有土坡,低坡丛树,山路逶迤,既为崇山峻岭的下段延伸,又作为辅垫,使全图具有稳重感。左下部绘一低峦小山,与右上边山脉遥相呼应,形成对比;中间绘有大片水域,波光潋滟,湖天一色。一小船点缀其间,船内绘有三四人物,姿态不同,形态各异。
全图比例恰当,层次分明。这种以山水为主体,人物为点景,恰当配以殿阁舟桥,并开始注意客观物象之间的远近,高低、大小的一般关系,以及深度、层次、比例等透视关系的变化处理,使山水画创变得较为合乎现实生活的新格局,这正是隋朝山水画的特有表现形式。也正如《后画录》所评述展子虔的山水“远近山川,咫尺千里”和《宣和画谱》论展子虔的山水画 “写江山远近之势尤工,故咫尺有千里趣”相合相成,浑然一体。
展子虔的《仙山楼阁图》以青绿勾勒为主,笔调甚为细密,被后世誉为为“唐画之祖”。美学史家称顾恺之、陆探微、张僧繇、展子虔为唐以前杰出的四大画家。他在长安的定水寺、灵宝寺、崇圣寺,洛阳的天女寺、云花寺、龙兴寺,以及江都(扬州)的寺院创作壁画多幅。他曾辗转西安、洛阳、永济、扬州及四川等地,领略大江南北山水之美,观赏各地画家名品真迹,承魏晋南北朝绘画技法,开隋唐山水画之新风。入隋前,他曾在江都东安寺与张僧繇次子张儒童作壁画,入隋后又在洛阳天女寺、长安灵宝寺、崇圣寺等绘制佛教壁画。后世将他与东晋南朝的另三位名家并列,称为“顾(恺之)、陆(探微)、张(僧繇)、展(子虔)”。
展子虔创作题材涉猎广泛,工绘人物、山水、车马、楼阁及翎毛等,但他流传的作品则是一件名为《游春图》的山水画。这一画名并不是他本人所题写,因为该画原本既无作者名款,也无作品名称,至北宋晚期,徽宗皇帝在其前隔水处题签为“展子虔游春图”,元明清时期的鉴赏家因此也称其为《游春图》。多数学者认为此画是隋代展子虔的作品,是现存最早的山水画卷,在中国绘画史上具有重要意义。
展子虔的绘画题材广泛,手法多变。他不仅善画人物、车马、山水、台阁,而且大都臻于精妙。在着色技巧上,他用青绿设色。他的画法为唐代绘画名家李思训、李昭道父子所宗法。他所画之马,神采飞扬,十分有神。他所画“立马而有走势,其为卧马则有腾骧起跃势,若不可掩复也。”展子虔能够抓住马的瞬间神态,表现出整个绰约风姿,达到以形传神,以神带形,形神兼备,维妙维肖的艺术境界。
展子虔的山水画被称为“远近山川,咫尺千里”。他画人物描法工细,以色晕染面部,神采意态俱是;画马各尽其妙,将马站立走卧腾跃奔飞之姿描摹得栩栩如生;画山水则有咫尺千里之势,充分表现出自然中深远的空间感。展子虔“天生纵任,亡所祖述”,而自能开一代风气。他与当时另一画家董伯仁齐名,人称“董展”。他的山水画风直接影响到唐代李思训父子的金碧山水创作。
代表作品
《游春图》
《游春图》卷,隋,展子虔作,绢本,设色,纵43cm,横80.5cm。
这是一幅山水画,描绘了人们在风和日丽,春光明媚的季节,到山间水旁“踏青”游玩的情景。全画以自然景色为主,人物点缀其间。湖边一条曲折的小径,蜿蜒伸入幽静的山谷。人们或骑马,或步行,沿途观赏着青山绿水、花团锦簇的胜境。在波光粼粼的湖面上,一艘游艇缓缓荡漾,船上坐着的几个女子似被四周景色所陶醉,流连忘返。山腰和山坳间建有几处佛寺,十分幽静,令人神往。
画家运用细而有力的线条勾画出物象的轮廓,人物虽然小如豆粒,但一丝不苟,形态毕现。山石树木只用线条画出,可以看到行笔的轻重、粗细、顿挫、转折的变化,但尚未见到唐代以后绘画中出现的皴擦技法。
作品的色彩浓丽厚重,山石树木均以矿物制成的石青、石绿颜料赋色,以青绿的色彩为主调,建筑物和人物、马匹间以红、白诸色,既统一和谐,又富有变化。亮丽的色彩亦更好地衬托出大好河山盎然勃发的春天气息。
《游春图》卷历来被认为是隋朝画家展子虔的作品,代表了中国早期山水画的面貌。近些年有学者对于这幅作品的作者和时代提出了不同的看法,引起了讨论。
《授经图》
《授经图》现藏于台北故宫博物院,绢本设色,纵30.1厘米,横33.7厘米。唐朝张彦远评展子虔的此画:“细密精致而臻丽。”从这一幅《授经图》中可以看出其刻画人物手法之高超。
其他作品
展子虔曾在洛阳天女寺、云花寺、长安灵宝寺、宗圣寺等绘有壁画,画迹有《长安车马人物图》、《南郊图》、《王世充像》、《法华变相图》、《朱买臣覆水图》、《北齐后主幸晋阳宫图》、《感应观音》、《维摩诘像》、《石勒问道图》、《北极巡海图》、《弋猎图》、《踏雪图》、《按鹰图》、《人骑图》、《人马图》、《八国王分舍利》、《授塔天王图》、《摘瓜图》等分别著录于《贞观公私画史》、《历代名画记》、《宣和画谱》。
唐宋画史对展子虔的评价很高,如“尤擅楼阁”,人物画“可为唐画之祖”。唐代李嗣真评价展子虔“天生纵任,亡所祖述”。 彦悰在书中对展子虔的山水画进行了高度评价:“触物为情,备该绝妙,尤善楼阁人马,亦长远近山川,咫只千里。”唐代张彦远《历代名画录》记载:“其画山水,若钿饰犀栉,或水不容泛,或人大于山……”。“二阎师于郑、张、杨、展(兼师于文毗,毗在隋朝)。”
北宋米芾十分推崇展子虔的人物画说:“李公麟家展子虔《朔方行》,小人物甚佳。”邓椿《画继》记载:徽宗朝“宣和殿御阁有展子虔《四载图》,最为高品。上每爱玩,或终日不舍。但恨止有三图,其《水行》一图特补遗耳。一日中使至洛,忽闻洛中故家有之,亟告留守求观。既见,则愕曰:御阁中正欠此一图。登时进入。所谓天生神圣物,必有会合时也”。
元人汤垕也在《画鉴》中说展子虔“画人物描法甚细,随以色晕开。余常见《故实人物》、《山水》、《人马》等图,又见《北齐后主幸晋阳宫图》,人物面部神采如生,意度俱足,下为唐画之祖”。并指出吴道子“早年行笔差细”,“其敷彩于焦墨痕中,略施微染”。
《隋书》中记载“散官,以加文武官之德声者,并不理事。”也就是说,这两个职位都是奖给社会知名人士的荣称,从正四品。隋文帝执政后聘请展子虔为朝散大夫、帐内都督。
首先使展子虔进入后人视线的是唐贞观三年(629)由京兆大慈恩寺沙门彦悰撰写的《后画录》。
二百多年后的唐大中元年(847),唐朝艺术评论家、书画收藏家张彦远编写了《历代名画记》一书,书中展子虔条下记载:“展子虔,渤海人。历北齐、北周、隋,在隋为朝散大夫,帐内都督。”后世关于展子虔的身世之说皆由此出。
《宣和画谱》称赞他:“写江山远近之势尤工,故咫尺有千里趣”。《洛阳伽蓝记》前言中曾记载:“北魏时期佛教盛行,鲜卑统治者对于宏扬佛法不遗余力,营造佛寺岁无虚日。洛阳佛寺,由晋末的二十四所,急剧增加到一千多所,使洛阳城梵宇栉比,宝塔骈罗”。从唐《贞观公私画史》、《历代名画记》的记载中可见展子虔是佛观寺画的名笔,他曾在扬州灵宝寺、光明寺;洛阳云华寺、龙兴寺;长安定水寺、海觉寺;浙江甘露寺等古刹,绘制佛教壁画。
传承画艺
为传承展子虔之画作,后世将展子虔代表作品著录于画史典籍中。从后世著录中可见展子虔画作的题材十分广泛。后人用三字经形式来赞誉展子虔的艺术才华:画山水,展子虔,游春图,春光艳;山青青,水蓝蓝,近尺尺,千里远。通幽径,峰回转,小桥旁,绿树掩;妇人立,竹篱前,江南春,美无限。
后世山水画家均热衷于临仿展子虔画作,自称展子虔门下者甚众。在现代画坛也引发了展子虔热,随着对《游春图》研究的深入,很多画院以展子虔命名。
学者研究
《宣和画谱》对展子虔的评语是“咫尺有千里趣”。明代鉴赏家詹景凤曾仔细看过《游春图》,他认为:“其山着重青绿,山脚则用金泥,山上小林木以赭石写干,以沉靛横点叶。大树则多钩勒,松不细写松针,直以苦绿沉点。松身界两笔,直以赭石填染而不能松麟。人物直用粉点成后,加重色干上分衣折,船屋亦然。此殆开青绿山水之源,似精而笔实草草。”我们从唐代的金碧山水,可知展子虔的画法是为进一发展奠定了基础。及至南宋的赵怕驹、赵伯骕,勾皴设色,画法大备,青绿山水便达到了的境界。
他所画寺庙壁画众多,著名之处有:江都东安寺(后改为常乐寺)壁画(与张儒童合作)、长安灵宝寺(与郑法士合作)壁画、长安光明夺(与田僧亮、郑法士、杨契丹合作)壁画、洛阳天女寺和洛阳云花寺壁画,以及长安定水寺殿内东壁及前面门上所画三圆光,“皆突生壁”,“窗间菩萨亦妙”,长安崇圣寺东殿壁画和长安海觉寺双林塔西面壁画。他在龙兴寺所画《八国五分舍利》,即是一幅构图宏伟,情节丰富,人物众多的大型壁画,展示了当时的时代风貌,生动传神而贴切生活。
展子虔当时为许多寺院创作的以宗教内容为题材的壁画,直到宋代,河中(今山西永济)的古庙中还保存着他的作品《鬼拔河图》,赢得了不少诗人的吟咏和赞叹。
随着传统文化的复苏,当代的学者们对展子虔也展开了深入的研究。以徐邦达先生为代表的专家和学者们将展子虔的两幅传世作品《游春图》和《授经图》作了详细的剖析和解读,并取得了一定的成效。在学术界的努力研究下,一代绘画宗师展子虔的艺术生涯变得清晰起来。有的画院以展子虔的名字命名,各地的博物馆和画院都有专门研究展子虔的课题。
Zhanzipian (about 545 - 618), a master of painting in Sui Dynasty, Han nationality, Bohai people (now Yangxin, Shandong Province). After the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty was called by Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. He was appointed as a doctor of the Dynasty and a governor of the accounts.
He is the only famous painter of Sui Dynasty who has traces to be examined, and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese painting. He is good at painting Buddhism, Taoism, figures, pommel horses, Cheyu, palaces, pavilions, feathers, historical stories, especially in landscape. Characters are meticulous in describing their faces with beautiful scenery; horses are fascinated and have momentum immediately, while horses on horseback have the potential to leap up their stomachs. Writing about mountains and rivers is far and near, with the potential of thousands of miles away. It is called "the ancestor of Tang paintings". Spring Tour Picture, a handed-down work, is a unique style of Chinese landscape painting and the oldest landscape painting in China.
Zhanzipian's "Xianshan Pavilion Map" is characterized by green and green outlines, and its style is very detailed. It is praised as "the ancestor of Tang painting" by later generations. Aesthetic historians call Gu Kaizhi, Lu Xuanwei, Zhang Sengxi and Zhanzipian the four outstanding painters before the Tang Dynasty. He created murals in Dingshui Temple, Lingbao Temple, Chongsheng Temple in Chang'an, Tiannu Temple, Yunhua Temple, Longxing Temple in Luoyang, and temples in Jiangdu (Yangzhou). He has traveled around Xi'an, Luoyang, Yongji, Yangzhou and Sichuan to appreciate the beauty of the mountains and waters in the north and south of the Yangtze River, to appreciate the authentic works of artists from all over the country, to inherit the painting techniques of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Southern Dynasties, and to open a new style of landscape painting in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Before entering the Sui Dynasty, he painted murals at Dongan Temple in Jiangdu and Confucian Tong Zhang, the second son of Zhang Sengxu. After entering the Sui Dynasty, he painted Buddhist murals at Tiannu Temple in Luoyang, Lingbao Temple in Chang'an and Chongsheng Temple. Later generations called him "Gu (Kaizhi), Lu (probing), Zhang (monk Qi) and Zhan (Zipian)" alongside three other famous scholars in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties.
The theme of his pious creation is extensive, such as figure painting, landscapes, horses and chariots, pavilions and feathers. However, his popular work is a landscape painting named "You Chun Tu". The title of the painting was not written by him, because it had neither the author's name nor the work's name. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Huizong inscribed "Spring Picture of Exhibitor Pilgrimage" on the water barrier in front of it, which was also called "Spring Picture" by connoisseurs in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most scholars believe that this painting is the pious work of Zhanzi in Sui Dynasty and the earliest landscape painting scroll in existence. It is of great significance in the history of Chinese painting.
Zhanzi's pious paintings have a wide range of subjects and varied techniques. He is not only good at drawing characters, horses and chariots, landscapes, and pavilions, but also most of them are exquisite. In the shading technique, he used green and blue. His paintings were patriarchal clans of Li Sixun and Li Zhaodao, famous painters of the Tang Dynasty. The horse he painted was full of grace and spirit. His paintings "have momentum in a moment, but for a sleeping horse there is momentum in a leap, if not hide it." Zhanzipian can grasp the horse's instantaneous demeanor, show the whole graceful demeanor, and achieve the artistic realm of vivid, spiritual, both physical and spiritual.
Zhanzi's pious landscape painting is called "far and near mountains and rivers, close by thousands of miles". He paints figures with meticulous techniques, with colour dizzying on the face, and has a good mood; he paints horses with all his ingenuity, vividly depicting the horse's standing, walking, lying, leaping and flying posture; and he paints landscapes with the potential of thousands of miles away, fully showing the profound sense of space in nature. Zhang Zipian "was born to indulge in the dictation of his ancestors", and he can create a generation of atmosphere. He was as famous as Dong Boren, another painter at that time, known as "Dong exhibition". His landscape painting style directly affected the creation of Jinbi landscape by Li Sixun's father and son in Tang Dynasty.
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