起源

清康熙、乾隆年间，在南京地区出现了一支引人注目的画派，世称“金陵画派”。

详细介绍

一般认为以龚贤为首的八位画家代表了这一流派的骨干力量，他们中还有樊圻、高岑、邹喆、蔡泽、李又李、武丹、高岑。另外还有人把施震、盛丹、王概等人列为八家。可见，当时的南京聚集了一大批有才华的画家。龚贤曾说：“今日画家以江南为盛，江南十四郡以首都（南京）为盛，郡中著名者且数十辈，但能吮笔者奚啻千人！”金陵画派中的个人画风相距甚远，彼此除偶有笔会以外并无深交。他们相聚在南京，用各自手中的画笔，去描绘出自己的一片艺术天地。他们的艺术成就各不相同，而声名最高、成就最大的当推龚贤。

 龚贤（1618-1689），又名岂贤，字半千，又字野遗，岂贤，号半亩，又号柴丈人。江苏昆山人。长期侨居金陵（今江苏南京），流寓清凉山。 位居“金陵八家”之首。

他出生于苏州一个家道中落的官宦之家，幼年随家迁居南京。他生活在一个“天崩地解”的时代，13岁习画，21岁左右在秦淮河畔参加了复社的活动，其时正值明崇祯末年，复社成员在这里结社赋诗，讲学论艺，挽救民族的危机。由于正直不阿的人品，以及在诗，书，画上的成就，龚贤已在南京士大夫中崭露头角。

南明弘光元年(1645)，清兵攻陷南京，龚贤怀着慷慨悲愤的心情，随复社成员离开了南京。在长达20年的漂泊生涯中，他顽强地学习绘画艺术，还写了大量深沉悲壮的诗歌，倾吐民族志士的一腔忠言。

清顺治二年（1664）前后，龚贤的妻子及其他亲人相继有8人去世，他受到了沉重的打击。龚贤再次返回南京居住，已年届五十，战乱洗劫后的家乡呈现出一幅惨景。国破家亡，他举起悲愤的笔写下了《登眺伤心处》一诗：“登眺伤心处，台城与石城。雄关迷虎踞，破寺入鸡鸣。一夕金笳引，天边秋草生。橐驼为何物，驱入汉家营！”

在南京，龚贤一家几经搬迁，最后定居清凉山。他于屋前半亩空地上，筑园栽植，命为“半亩园”。又自写小照，着僧服，手持扫帚，作扫叶状，悬于楼堂，以示与清朝统治者格格不入，后人因此将他的旧居称为“扫叶楼”。龚贤晚年幽居于此，赋诗作画，描写祖国的江山之美，抒发爱国情感。

孔尚任是孔夫子的后代，是龚贤的一位“忘年交”。1689年，孔尚任来南京，拜访了龚贤，病中的龚贤讲了许多官场上令人痛恨的事。孔尚任十年后完成了名剧《桃花扇》，其中许多内容就是龚贤在南京的亲身经历。龚贤逝世后，孔尚任帮助归葬昆山故里。

 During the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, a noticeable School of painting emerged in Nanjing, known as the "Jinling School of Painting".

Detailed introduction

It is generally believed that the eight painters headed by Gong Xian represent the backbone of this school, among them Fan Bian, Gao Qin, Zou Suo, Cai Ze, Li Youli, Wudan and Gao Qin. In addition, Shi Zhen, Shengdan, Wang Ji and others were listed as eight. It can be seen that a large number of talented painters gathered in Nanjing at that time. Gong Xianzeng once said, "Today painters flourish in the south of the Yangtze River, 14 counties in the south of the Yangtze River are flourishing in the capital (Nanjing). There are many famous people in the counties who have lived for tens of generations, but they can suck at thousands of people!" The personal painting styles of Jinling School are far apart, and they have no deep acquaintance with each other except for occasional pen clubs. They gathered in Nanjing and painted their own art world with their own brushes. Their artistic achievements are different, and Gong Xian is the most famous and successful one.

Gong Xian (1618-1689), also known as Shaoxian, a word of half a thousand, a word of wilderness, Shaoxian, a name of half an acre, and a name of his father-in-law Chai. Kunshan people in Jiangsu Province. Long-term residence in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), Liuqingliangshan. It ranks first among the "Eight Schools of Jinling".

He was born in an official family in Suzhou, and moved to Nanjing with his family as a child. He lived in an era of "the collapse of heaven and earth". At the age of 13, he practiced painting. At the age of 21, he participated in the activities of restoring society along the Qinhuai River. At that time, he was in the late years of Chongzhen Ming Dynasty. The members of the restoring society organized poems, lectured and commented on art, and saved the national crisis. Gong Xian has emerged as a scholar-bureaucrat in Nanjing because of his integrity and achievements in poetry, books and paintings.

In the first year of Hongguang in Nanming (1645), when the Qing troops captured Nanjing, Gong Xian left Nanjing with members of Fushe Society with generosity and indignation. During his 20-year wandering career, he stubbornly studied the art of painting, wrote a large number of deep and solemn poems, and poured out the loyalty of the ethnographers.

Around the second year of the Qing Dynasty (1664), Gong Xian's wife and other relatives died one after another, and he was hit hard. Gong Xian returned to live in Nanjing again. He is fifty years old. His hometown after the war and looting presents a tragic scene. When his country broke down and his family died, he raised his grieving pen and wrote the poem "Looking over the sad place": "Looking over the sad place, Taicheng and Shicheng. Xiongguan is crowded with tigers, breaking the temple into cockcrow. Golden Drawing Overnight, autumn grass grows on the horizon. What is a camel driving into the Hanjiaying camp?

In Nanjing, Gong Xian's family moved several times and finally settled in Qingliangshan. He built a garden and planted it on the half-acre open space in front of his house, and ordered it to be "half-acre garden". Also self-portrait, wearing monk's clothes, holding broomsticks, sweeping leaves, hanging in the hall, in order to show incompatibility with the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, later generations called his old residence "Leaf-sweeping Tower". Gong Xian lived here in seclusion in his later years, wrote poems and paintings, described the beauty of the motherland, and expressed patriotic feelings.

Confucius Shangren is a descendant of Confucius and a "forgetful friend" of Gong Xian. In 1689, Kong Shangren came to Nanjing and visited Gong Xian. Gong Xian, who was ill, said many hateful things in the officialdom. Ten years later, Kong Shangren completed the famous opera Peach Blossom Fan, many of which are Gong Xian's personal experience in Nanjing. After Gong Xian's death, Kong Shangren helped to bury Kunshan's hometown.