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隶书

 隶书,有秦隶、汉隶等,一般认为由篆书发展而来,字形多呈宽扁,横画长而竖画短,讲究“蚕头雁尾”、“一波三折”。

根据出土简牍,隶书始创于秦朝,传说程邈作隶,汉隶在东汉时期达到顶峰,上承篆书传统,下开魏晋、南北朝,对后世书法有不可小觑的影响,书法界有“汉隶唐楷”之称。
  • 中文名隶书
  • 外文名clerical script
  • 代表作品《曹全碑》、《张迁碑》
  • 起源秦朝
  • 代表人物郑簠、金农
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书法家受“漏粉条”启发 开创“漏金体隶书”

中国美术网 09-18 浏览

【编者按】名如其字!高一笔是中国书法家协会会员,更是“漏金体隶书”的创始人,运用漏金体隶书写出的字飘而不散,逸而不凡,方、圆、藏、漏,一波三折都是有节奏,有气韵的,看起来舒服,...
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定义

 关于隶书的定义,近人吴伯陶先生一篇:《从出土秦简帛书看秦汉早期隶书》的文章中说道:“可以用这个字的本义来作解释。〈说文解字〉中解释‘隶’的意义是‘附着’,〈后汉书·冯异传〉则训为‘属’,这一意义到今天还在使用,现代汉语中就有‘隶属’一词。〈晋书·卫恒传〉、〈说文解字序〉及段注,也都认为隶书是‘佐助篆所不逮’的,所以隶书是小篆的一种辅助字体。”

其次究竟什么样子才叫隶,隶与篆又有什么样的严格区别,吴伯陶先生在上述的文章中又有所分析订定,这里再节录吴文中值得考虑的几小段。吴云∶“小篆还保存了象形字的遗意,画其成物随体诘屈;隶书就更进了一步,用笔画符号破坏了象形字的结腹,成为不象形的象形字”(他有字形举例,可参阅原文)。

他又说∶“小篆和隶书实际上是两个系统,标志着汉字发展的两大阶段。小篆是象形体古文字的结束,隶书是改象形为笔画化的新文字的开始。”“我们判断某种字体是否隶书,就要首先看它是否出现有破坏篆书结构失掉象形原意之处。”

吴先生经过仔细排比研究,得出那样的科学论据来,作为学术上篆、隶的不同定名的分野,自然是很值得重视的。不过还有两个问题想要问,那就是∶一,篆书也不能够个个是象形字,一开始就有象形以外的许多字存在,因此,仅仅失掉“象形原意”似乎有些不够。我的意思是说隶的破坏古文(“象形字”是一种字体的笼统名称,事实并非个个“象形”,例子甚多,不待列举),不仅仅是破坏象形而已。二,今天看到的从湖北云梦出土的秦简和湖南长沙马王堆墓中出土的简帛书中发现其中字的结构有变篆体,也有未变。用笔有圆有带长方的,那种字当时又称之为何名?这种“半篆半隶”的字形从秦昭襄王时代开始一直到西汉初(秦云梦简到汉马王堆帛书,吴文有详述可参阅)还存在,始皇帝以前,字还未有“体”的区别,可是到汉初,肯定那种字已经归入隶体,二者合起来考虑,那么对吴先生的区别篆体之名,是否有些矛盾了呢?事实上结构之变,光讲象形不象形,定然不够全面。我估计区别问题,在当时——在字体初变时一般人肯定还不太严格的,那种“蝙蝠式”的字形,大都随着新名称而名之——也称为隶,其中稍为保留些旧结构也是可以的。因此我认为如果设身处地来推测当时的命名,和今天用学术研究来区别的命名是可以有些距离的,是无足为怪的。明确地讲,篆与隶的不同除形象变为符号以外,还有笔法变化一方面的区别,例如∶生(篆)、上(变笔法未变结构)、之(笔法结构全变)。三字的名实异同,决非单论结构,其他相似的情况也很不少,可以类推。

西汉中期以来,隶书的脱去篆体(包括结构、笔画的写法)而独立的形式,已经完全形成。所见有代表性的例如本世纪出现于西陲流沙中的西汉宣帝五凤元年(前57年)、成帝河平元年(前28年)、新莽始建国天凤元年(14年)的书简、乐浪汉墓出土的西汉平帝元始四年(4年)、东汉明帝永平十二年(69年)的漆盘上的铭文等等,不但结构全变,从字形来讲也全成方形或扁方形,笔势则长波更自然横出,和接近篆体的直垂形大大不同了。

相像的字形还能在东汉的碑刻中见到很多。最著名的如桓帝延熹八年(165年)的《华山庙碑》、灵帝建宁二年(169年)的《史晨碑》、中平二年(185年)的(曹全碑)、又三年(186年)的(张迁碑)等等,其他不再一一例举了。

同时在西汉的碑刻中也还有一些面积大都方正或个别字带长形,又仅有极短的波势的字体,其有代表性的所见如∶西汉宣帝五凤二年(前56年)的《鲁孝王刻石》、东汉安帝元初四年(117年)的《祀三公山碑》、顺帝永和二年(137年)的《敦煌太守裴岑纪功碑》、灵帝建宁三年(170年)的《郙阁颂》摩崖石刻、以至明帝永平九年(66年)字形不大规则的《开通褎斜道》摩崖石刻等等。以上那些基本上已消灭篆体而形式稍有小异的“正体字”,一直流行于两汉、三国间,而且几乎独占了石刻碑志中的位置。在江苏省南京市出土了东晋谢鲲的墓志,还能见到用的仍是这样的字体。这种字体应当说都是隶,因为其形式自秦到汉,虽有些变化,但并不太大。从字形的面积上讲∶先带长方,后变方扁,有些地方还交叉互用着。长波、短波,也同样是交叉互用不分前后的。因此决不能说它是一种字体彻底变为另一种字体的新旧二体,而是一种字体在前前后后中间的个别量变罢了。

起源

 秦始皇在“书同文”的过程中,命令李斯创立小篆后,又采纳了程邈整理的隶书。汉朝的许慎在《说文解字》记录了这段嬴政统一文字后,汉朝复兴和发掘传统文字的历史:“……秦烧经书,涤荡旧典,大发吏卒,兴役戍,官狱职务繁,初为隶书,以趣约易,而古文由此绝矣”。“而北京大学教授、书法大家李志敏认为秦始皇统一六国文字,对当时的社会进步有积极意义,但未必有利于书法艺术的发展。孝宣皇帝时,召通《仓颉》读者,张敞从受之。凉州刺史杜业,沛人爰礼,讲学大夫秦近,亦能言之。孝平皇帝时,征礼等百余人,令说文字未央廷中,以礼为小 学元士。黄门侍郎扬雄,采以作《训纂篇》。凡《仓颉》以下十四篇,凡五千三百四十字,群书所载,略存之矣……郡国亦往往于山川得鼎彝,其铭即前代之古文, 皆自相似。虽叵复见远流,其详可得略说也……盖文字者…前人所以垂后,后人所以识古。故曰:本立而道生。知天下之至赜而不可乱也”。但是也有人认为,作为官方文字的小篆书写速度较慢,而隶书化圆转为方折,提高了书写效率。例如郭沫若用「秦始皇改革文字的更大功绩,是在采用了隶书」来评价其重要性(《奴隶制时代·古代文字之辩证的发展》)。

隶书也叫“隶字”、“古书”。是在篆书基础上,为适应书写便捷的需要产生的字体。就小篆加以简化,又把小篆匀圆的线条变成平直方正的笔画,便于书写。是在监狱里创造出来的字体。分“秦隶”(也叫“古隶”)和“汉隶”(也叫“今隶”),隶书的出现,是古代文字与书法的一大变革。

隶书是汉字中常见的一种庄重的字体,书写效果略微宽扁,横画长而直画短,讲究“蚕头燕尾”、“一波三折”。它起源于秦朝,在东汉时期达到顶峰,书法界有“汉隶唐楷”之称。也有说法称隶书起源于战国时期。

隶书是相对于篆书而言的,隶书之名源于东汉。隶书的出现是中国文字的又一次大改革,使中国的书法艺术进入了一个新的境界,是汉字演变史上的一个转折点,奠定了楷书的基础。隶书结体扁平、工整、精巧。到东汉时,撇、捺、点等画美化为向上挑起,轻重顿挫富有变化,具有书法艺术美。风格也趋多样化,极具艺术欣赏的价值。

隶书相传为秦末程邈在狱中所整理,去繁就简,字形变圆为方,笔划改曲为直。改“连笔”为“断笔”,从线条向笔划,更便于书写。“隶人”不是囚犯,而指“胥吏”,即掌管文书的小官吏,所以在古代隶书被叫做“佐书”。书体同时派生出草书、楷书、行书各书体,为艺术奠定基础。

隶书基本是由篆书演化来的,主要将篆书圆转的笔划改为方折,因为在木简上用漆写字很难画出圆转的笔划,所以隶书的书写速度更快。

发展史

 隶书者,篆之捷也。

这是西晋·卫恒《四体书势》对隶书本体及其产生背景的经典叙述。事实上,篆之捷是指在春秋战国时期的篆书字体体系中发生结构和书写性变化(隶变),并经漫长的“隶变”过程而形成的一种新的相对独立的字体。也就是说,隶书是通过“隶变”从篆书字体中脱胎产生的。

隶变在中国书法史上是一次重大的书法文化事件。发生隶变的内在动因是为了适应当时社会发展对文字应用的要求。“隶变主要表现在两个方面:一是字形结构的变化,既是对正体篆书字形结构的改造,这种改造的主要方向是简化;二是书写方式的变化,既是改变原有正体篆书的书写方式,这种改变的主要目的是简捷流便”。字形结构的简化和书写方式的简捷流便构成了隶变过程的核心内容。在这里,字形结构的简化和书写方式的简捷流便,不光为了书写速度的提高,同时因其蕴涵着内在的书写运动态势更加符合人的生理运动轨迹,才使隶书在秦汉之交随着政治的更替最终彻底代替篆书而获得普遍应用的。

就书法而言,隶变完成了以下篆隶转换:

1、摆脱篆书字型结构的凝固化束搏而走向隶书线条时空运动的抽象化表现;

2、线条由篆书委婉的弧笔变为险峻的直笔,曲折处由篆书的联绵圆转变为转折的方笔。隶变标志着汉字相形性的破坏和抽象符号的确立,使汉字由古文字体系向今文字体系转换;同时也标志着隶书的独立品格和美学特征的最终形成。

另一方面,作为人的规范意识,又必须对这种新的字体和书体加以规范。于是,就有了汉末高度规范的八分书出现。所以我们说,所谓的隶变过程,就是篆之捷所产生的新的书体继而对这种新的书体加以规范建构的过程。而作为书法,隶书的美就存在于这历时四百多年的隶变过程中。

解读隶书的美学内涵和产生背景是非常有必要的,这有助于我们对隶书本体的深层认知。通常,我们是从现存的汉碑和简牍两种载体来认识隶书的。但是,通过汉碑和简牍两种载体来认识隶书还远远不够。因为这样还无法认识隶书美学内涵的形成渊源。因此,我们要将四百多年的隶变过程置放在秦汉文化背景中去解读,探求出隶书美形成的文化和思想渊源。也只有这样,我们才算了解了一些隶书的传统。

在两汉,隶书不但通过隶变过程最终形成自己的独立品格和美学特征,同时还有着向草率和规范两极方向发展的整体趋势。一方面,隶书在过分强调书写便利的极端中逐步脱离了隶书的原本实用立场,进而在持续草化过程中因书写的运动态势不同最终形成了我们所说的章草和今草;另一方面,则表现出对隶书原本书写形态的规范建构,而且这种规范建构是以形式秩序确立为前提的。因为文字的形式秩序的稳定与否,直接影响到民族文化交流的畅通和社会进步。这是历来被官方重视的重要环节。因此,随着西、东汉王权的相继确立,对现实生活中广泛流通的隶书进行规范整理也就成为必然。八分书以规范为手段,有效的克服了篆之捷隶书的随意性书写倾向,使形式秩序趋向于稳固的位置选择和有序的结构图式。加上汉代官方文人审美观念的不断容入,最终形成了八分书规范、和谐、静穆、左撇右挑的风格特征。两汉刻石存在的从西汉的质朴率真向东汉工稳规范化发展的整体趋势,也从一方面印证了官方对篆之捷隶书进行规范建构的历史进程。

然而,当今学界和书法界普遍把两汉刻石方面的逐步工稳规范的发展趋势认定为隶书走向成熟的标志了。这样做不但牵强,也为隶书的本体理论阐释带来困难。这是因为:一、八分书对隶书的改造是以美术规范化和线条装饰化为前提的。不但不具备书写的随意性与合理性,反而增加书写的难度,失去了隶书书写简捷流便的原本实用立场;二、从八分书的书写主体来看,已经由隶书的原本社会公众立场上移到了文人和官方了。我们从、《乙瑛碑》、《礼器碑》《华山碑》、《曹全碑》、《张迁碑》等刻石文本可以看到八分书已经开始具有雅化、规范化和文人化的艺术特征。这些书法文本有着一个大致相同的特征,那就是波蹀。其实这种波蹀是对篆之捷原本隶书书写的美化。飞动的线条和波蹀已经使刻石隶书脱离了隶书原本的简单和质朴,而开始具有雅化、和文人化的艺术特征,是汉代文人那种浪漫、潇洒的艺术审美精神的体现。而正是这种雅化、规范化和文人化的艺术特征,却失去了隶书在社会广泛流通的内在条件和社会基础,因而也就不应该属于原本意义上的隶书。事实上,隶书表现在刻石方面的逐步工稳规范的发展趋势,它的实质是八分书对篆之捷原本隶书实施规范和审美改造的双重结果。《熹平石经》以其高度规范的形式秩序、以及构造的共同原则和形体的共同特点,体现出八分书最大程度的稳定性品格。如果从文字学角度讲,八分书应该成为一种新的、相对独立的字体的。所以我们说,隶书从西汉的质朴率真向东汉工稳规范化发展的整体趋势并不完全是隶书走向成熟的标志,它更多的是孕育着一种新的字体的产生。八分书由于自身的本质特性和使用立场,脱离篆之捷原本隶书书写主流向更加规范的方向发展也就成为必然。《熹平石经》的书体特征和内容也佐证了八分书作为东汉规范字体的使用局限性。

所以我们说,隶书独立品格和美学特征的形成,不是东汉的高度规范和成熟,而是存在于四百多年的隶变过程中。在这四百多年的隶变过程中,有着实在太多的书法文本需要我们加以解读和认知。《张迁碑》的质朴奔放、浑厚博大,《曹全碑》典雅华美、俊秀温润,使我们看到了不同风格、不同结体和不同审美取向的东汉经典刻石文本书法。这是东汉正大的文化气象和文人认识自然征服自然的自信的书写流露。特别是《石门颂》潇洒自如的波挑,体现着文人回归大自然书写的开放情怀,加上民间工匠的契刻,又为《石门颂》置入了民间的质朴意味,铸就了《石门颂》既有原本隶书的质朴随意,又有人文情怀流露的独特艺术魅力,显示出《石门颂》不拘一格的奔放品格、以及阔大的自然气象,成为历代书家关注和借鉴的经典范本。

然而,东汉刻石所表现出的典雅、华美、庄重、整饬只是一种完整的、华丽的美。如果没有原始隶书的质朴和简淡元素灌注其中,那么这种美又是虚伪的、造作的、没有感情的。如果东汉刻石典雅、华美、庄重、整饬的基础上置入隶书原本的奔放、流畅、阔大的审美气象,那么书法就会有一种大自然的淳朴和广阔气象。而这种美才是更接近生命本真的美。因为隶变过程中的很多随意性书写看似很朴拙、很简淡、很平凡,而实际上却蕴涵着无穷的美学价值,是人的生命系统中的真实流露。

认识是继承的前提。所以,发掘两汉隶书的美学实质及其背后所含盖的文化与精神内涵是我们持续关心的内容。同时,它也应该是我们完成隶书的时代性突破和发展的前提和理论支点。

我们没必要谈所谓的创新,深入的认识隶书传统更有现实意义。只要我们认识并理解了一些隶书的传统,并完成隶书的传统和现代的纽带式连接,那么我们才有可能创造出既古典又现代的隶书作品。在这里所谓的古典就是隶书的发展延续形态,所谓的现代,就是隶书的现代审美意识和文化精神。古典——现代具有全息重演的内容,但还不完全是周俊杰先生所倡导的新古典主义。因此,我所说的古典和现代,具有把古典放在新的时空匡架进行梳理归类和时代诠释的意识。它可能是反传统的,因为我们是站在时代立场审视传统。它也可能是继承传统的,因为传统在影响着我们。

变体隶书,又叫隶变体。是当代书法流行的隶书风格,是针对传统隶书而言的书写注重变化,注重个性的书写方式。笔画不重规范,强调即兴创作。 但隶书大家范笑歌认为变体隶书要变得美才是目的,而不是越变越丑。如果大家都追求写变体隶书,那变体隶书也会出现程式化。他认为有的变体隶书只追求大感觉和大效果,在单个字和单个笔画上无法经得起推敲。往往是用大气势掩盖基本功的不足。

除了发展之外,隶书曾对魏碑楷书产生过影响,此以《张猛龙碑》为例,字上还有一些隶书精神。唐欧阳询亦受影响。颜真卿《多宝塔》也有隶书精神并逐渐被人继承。

流变

 过去一般相信隶书之由来为“奏事繁多,篆字难成,即令隶人佐书,曰隶字”。但指出“隶”字亦有“附属”的含意,可能意旨其为篆字之衍生。

 

秦隶

秦始皇在“书同文”的过程中,命令李斯创立小篆后,也采纳了程邈整理的隶书。汉朝的许慎在《说文解字》记录了这段历史:“……秦烧经书,涤荡旧典,大发吏卒,兴役戍,官狱职务繁,初为隶书,以趋约易”。由于作为官方文字的小篆书写速度较慢,而隶书化圆转为方折,提高了书写效率。郭沫若用“秦始皇改革文字的更大功绩,是在采用了隶书”来评价其重要性(《奴隶制时代·古代文字之辩正的发展》)


汉隶

西汉初期仍然沿用秦隶的风格,到新莽时期开始产生重大的变化,产生了点画的波尾的写法。到东汉时期,隶书产生了众多风格,并留下大量石刻。《张迁碑》、《曹全碑》是这一时期的代表作。

汉隶在笔画上具有波、磔(zhe)之美。所谓"波",指笔画左行如曲波,后楷书中变为撇;所谓"磔"指右行笔画的笔锋开张,形如"燕尾"的捺笔。写长横时,起笔逆 锋切入如"蚕头",中间行笔有波势俯仰,收尾有磔尾。这样,在用笔上,方、圆、藏、露诸法俱备, 笔势飞动,姿态优美。在结构上,有小篆的纵势长方,初变为正方,再变为横势扁方汉隶具有雄阔严整 而又舒展灵动的气度。 隶书对篆书的改革包括笔画和结构两个方面。隶化的方法有变圆为方。变曲为直。调正笔画断连。 省减笔画结构等等。其中以横向取势和保留毛笔书写自然状态两面点最为重要。横向取势能左右发笔,上下运动受到制约。最终形成左掠右挑的八分笔法。而毛笔的柔软性以使汉字笔画产生了粗细方圆。藏 露等各种变化。还有字距宽。行距窄也是其章法上的一大特点。

汉隶表现在帛画、漆器、画像、铀镜中精美绝伦。而在碑刻中更显其宽博的气势和独特的韵味。汉隶主要有两大存在形式:石刻与简牍。魏晋南北朝隶书大多杂以楷书笔法;唐朝隶书不乏徐浩等书家。宋元明三朝的隶书也难振汉隶雄风。直至清朝。汉隶才得以复苏。有金农、邓石如何绍基等,别有建树。

 

隶书的第二次高峰

魏晋以后的书法,草书、行书、楷书迅速形成和发展,隶书虽然没有被废弃,但变化不多而出现了一个较长的沉寂期。到了清代,在碑学复兴浪潮中隶书再度受到重视,出现了郑燮、金农等著名书法家,在继承汉隶的基础上加以创新。

结构特点

 隶书是从篆书发展而来的,隶书是篆书的化繁为简,化圆为方,化弧为直。

隶书的结构特点

 

字形扁方左右分展

隶字一反篆字纵向取势的常态,而改以横向(左右)取势,造成字形尚扁方,笔画收缩纵向笔势而强化横向分展。


起笔蚕头收笔燕尾

这是隶书用笔上的典型特征,特别是隶字中的主笔横、捺画几乎都用此法。所谓“起笔蚕头”,即在起笔藏(逆)锋的用笔过程中,同时将起笔过程所形成的笔画外形写成一种近似蚕头的形状。“收笔燕尾”,即在收笔处按笔后向右上方斜向挑笔出锋。

 

化圆为方化弧为直

这是隶书简化篆书的两条基本路子。不过如果不了解篆书的圆,就不易掌握好隶书的方。因为隶笔中的直画或方折,还无不包藏着篆字的弧势,所以隶笔的直往往有明显的波动性,富于生命力。实际上隶书的笔意,是建立在笔画运动方式基础上的。


变画为点变连为断

我们知道篆字不用点,即使用点也只是一种浑圆点。而隶书中点已独立了出来,不再依附于画,而且点法也日益丰富,有平点、竖点、左右点、三连点(水旁)、四连点(火旁)等等。

此外,隶书还将篆字中许多一笔盘旋连绵写成的笔画断开来写,大开了书写的方便之门,后来楷书更发挥了这种方式,更允许笔与笔间出现衔接痕迹,甚至笔断意连。

 

强化提按粗细变化

写篆书时用笔的纵向提按要求不现痕迹,而隶书则有意强调提按动作,形成笔画轨迹显著的粗细、转承变化,起、行、收用笔的三过程都有了明确的体现。这与后来的楷书已很相近。

点画写法

 隶书点画的写法于篆书有明显的不同,篆书的点画可概括为点、直、弧3种,而发展到隶书已经具备了永字八法中的8种笔画。在用笔上,篆书多为圆笔,而隶书已有方圆并用之笔,并且笔画有了粗细变化。

隶书的点有中点、上点、左点、右点和横点的不同。中点的写法是落笔后,提笔逆锋向上,转笔回锋向右,顿笔向下,继回笔收锋于点内。隶书的点与篆书的点不同的是,已有倚侧的变化。上点的写法略同中点,只是末笔不向点内回笔收锋,而想向下渐提出锋。左点和右点及横点的写法与上点的写法相同,但起步的位置和出锋的方向各不相同。

隶书中的左下挑、右下挑的写法与左点、右点写法相似,不同处是末笔出锋较长。

隶书竖的写法于篆书相同。

隶书的横有短横和长横两种,短横起笔逆入平出,横末护尾,略似篆书。长横起笔藏锋向上逆入,继之用方笔折下转向右,使之成蚕头的起笔,继而向右行笔,笔稍涩,不可浮滑,至横的三分之二处,按笔带出一向下的波凹,继之提笔稍向上翘出锋,形成燕尾。这一运笔又称为波磔。

捺与长横的写法相似,只是笔势向右下,较横更舒展。

撇的写法,与写左下挑相同,起笔后用过笔向左下行笔,行中略增曲势,至全画三分之二以下处用力顿笔,到画的末端捻笔外旋,略提向左上,回笔收锋于线中。钩的写法有几种,这里只介绍常用的长钩的写法,出锋后不提而是用过笔向下行笔,行至竖下端再依次蹲笔、挫笔、顿笔向左画近似水平的圆弧,至弧末提笔出锋。

另外,隶书的书写还应注意以下几点。如一字中有数横相迭时,一般是最末一横写成带蚕头燕尾其余都是短横。如一字中既有长横又有长捺,一般是长捺用蚕头燕尾,长横不用,如“大”的写法就是。如横在别的笔画包围之中,横的写法也不用蚕头燕尾。就是说,蚕头燕尾在一个字中只能出现一次,否则就会影响字的美观,所以前人说“蚕无二色,燕不双飞”。

创作要点

 要取法汉碑和秦汉竹木简。所谓取法,就是认真刻苦地解读、体会,而不是浮光掠影。少看当代人的作品,看当代人的作品要看出其缺点和不足。

恰当把握主体的创作状态。“书写性”其实就是将书写过程和创作情绪纸面化。行笔重复,会形成惯性。由生到熟,要避熟趋生。

正确对待风格问题。风格是自然生成的,不能一概而论。风格面貌不强,不必耿耿于怀;已经形成风格面貌的,也不必沾沾自喜或故意回避。

Introduction in English

 As for the definition of Li Shu, a recent article by Mr. Wu Botao, "Looking at Li Shu in the Early Qin and Han Dynasties from the unearthed Qin bamboo slips and silk books" said: "The original meaning of this word can be used as an explanation. The meaning of "Li" in "Shuowen Jiezi" is "attachment". The meaning of "post-Han Shu Feng Yizhuan" is "subordination". This meaning is still in use today. There is the word "subordination" in modern Chinese. "Jinshu Wei Hengzhuan", "Shuowen Jiezi Preface" and paragraph annotations also think that Lishu is a kind of auxiliary font of Xiaozhuan because it is not caught by Zuo Zhuan.

 

Secondly, what exactly is Li? What are the strict differences between Li and seal? Mr. Wu Botao has made some analysis and stipulation in the above-mentioned articles. Here are a few sections worth considering in Wu Wen. Wu Yun:"Xiaozhuan also preserved the meaning of pictographs and painted their products in accordance with the body; Li Shu went a step further, destroying the abdomen of pictographs with strokes and symbols, and becoming an invisible pictograph" (He has examples of pictographs, you can refer to the original text).

 

He also said: "Xiaozhuan and Li Shu are actually two systems, marking the two stages of the development of Chinese characters. Xiaozhuan is the end of the pictographic ancient writing, and Li Shu is the beginning of the new writing which transforms the pictographic into the brushwork. "When we judge whether a certain type of seal script is official, we must first see if there is any damage to the structure of seal script and loss of the original meaning of the hieroglyph."

 

After careful comparative study, Mr. Wu drew such scientific arguments, which naturally deserved great attention as a distinction between the academic seal and the official names. However, there are two questions to be asked: first, seal books can not be pictographs, there are many words outside the pictograph at the beginning, so it seems that it is not enough to just lose the original meaning of the pictograph. What I mean is that the destruction of ancient Chinese characters by Li (pictographs are the general name of a font, but the facts are not pictographs. There are many examples to be cited) is not just the destruction of pictographs. Second, we can see that the structure of the characters in the bamboo slips unearthed from Yunmeng in Hubei Province and Mawangdui tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province has not changed either. What was the name of the word "round" and "rectangular" with a pen at that time? This kind of "half seal and half li" font still exists from the Qin Zhaoxiang King era to the early Western Han Dynasty (Qin Yunmeng Jian to Han Mawangdui silk manuscript, Wu Wen can be referred to in detail). Before the beginning of the Emperor, there was no difference in "style", but by the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was affirmed that the word had been classified into the Li style. Is there any contradiction between the name of the seal and the style of seal? As a matter of fact, the change of structure must be incomplete. I guess the problem of distinction was that at that time, when typefaces first changed, people were certainly not too strict. Most of the "bat" fonts were named after the new names. They were also called Li, and it was possible to retain some of the old structures. So I don't think it's surprising that if we put ourselves in a position to speculate on the naming at that time, it would be somewhat different from today's naming by academic research. Clearly speaking, besides the change of image into symbol, there are also differences in the change of writing style between seal and official script, such as: Sheng (seal), Shang (unchanged structure of pen-changing), and Zhi (complete change of pen-writing structure). The similarities and differences of the names of the three words are by no means a single discussion of the structure. There are many other similar situations, which can be analogized.

Since the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the independent form of Li Shu without seal (including structure and brushwork) has been fully formed. For example, this century appeared on the lacquer plates of the first four years of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty (57 years ago), the first year of Emperor Chengdi Heping (28 years ago), the first year of Tianfeng (14 years ago), the first four years of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty (4 years) unearthed from the tomb of Lelang Han Dynasty, and the twelve years of Emperor Yongping of the Eastern Han Dynasty (69 years). The inscriptions and so on, not only change the structure completely, but also form square or flat square in glyph. The pen gesture is more natural and horizontal, which is quite different from the vertical shape near the seal body.

 

Similar glyphs can also be seen in Eastern Han Dynasty inscriptions. The most famous ones are Huashan Temple Stele in Yanxi's Eight Years (165), Shichen Stele in Jianning's Two Years (169), Cao Quan Stele in Zhongping's Two Years (185), Zhangqian Stele in another Three Years (186), and so on.

 

At the same time, in the inscriptions of the Western Han Dynasty, there are also some long-shaped characters with mostly square or individual character belts, and only very short wave-like fonts, which can be seen as: the inscriptions of Lu Xiaowang in the second year of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty (56 years ago), the inscriptions of Sacribing Sangong Mountain in the fourth year of Emperor An of the Eastern Han Dynasty (117 years), the inscriptions of Emperor Shun Dynasty Yong and the second( In 137, Dunhuang Taishou Pei Cen Ji Gong Tablet, Lingdi Jianning three years (170 years) of "Cen Ge Song" cliff stone carving, and Ming Emperor Yongping nine years (66 years) of irregular shape "Kaitong Sleeve Slope" cliff stone carving and so on. These "orthographic characters" which have basically eliminated seal scripts and have slightly different forms have been popular between the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, and almost exclusively occupy the position of stone inscriptions. Xie Kun's epitaph of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was unearthed in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. It is still the same font that can be seen and used. This font should be said to be Li, because its form from Qin to Han Dynasty, although some changes, but not very large. From the area of the glyph: first with rectangular, then flat, some places are also cross-used. Long-wave and short-wave are also cross-used before and after. Therefore, it must not be said that it is a new and old two-part font completely changed into another font, but a font before and after the middle of the individual changes.

In the process of "Shutongwen", Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si to establish Xiaozhuan, and then adopted the official scripts collated by Cheng Miao. Xu Shen of the Han Dynasty recorded the history of the revival and excavation of the traditional characters in Shuowen Jiezi after the unification of politics in this period: "... The Qin Dynasty burned scriptures, cleaned up the old ones, made great contributions to officials and soldiers, set up military service, and had numerous official and prison positions. At the beginning, they were official scripts, which were easy and interesting. "Li Zhimin, a professor and calligrapher at Peking University, believes that the unification of the six languages by Qin Shihuang was of positive significance to the social progress at that time, but not necessarily conducive to the development of the art of calligraphy. When Emperor Xiaoxuan called the readers of Cangjie, Zhang Guang accepted it. Liangzhou Acupuncture Shi Duye, Pei Ren Shenli, lecturer Qin Jin, can also say that. When Emperor Xiaoping was emperor, more than 100 people, such as Li, ordered that the words were not in the central court, and Li was regarded as the primitive scholar of the elementary school. Yang Xiong, Huangmen waiter, was selected to write the Compilation Paper. All the following fourteen articles in Cangjie, 5340 words, contained in the group books, are slightly saved. Prefectures and counties often get their share in mountains and rivers, and their inscriptions, the ancient writings of previous generations, are similar to each other. Although we have a long way to go, we can say a little about it in detail. Writer of the Cover ("Writer")("Writer")("Writer")("Writer")("Writer")")("Writer") So the predecessors hang back, so the descendants know ancient times. Therefore, it is said that we should stand on our own initiative and live in Taoism. Knowing the best of the world is not confusing. However, some people believe that the speed of writing small seal scripts as official characters is slow, and the conversion of the circle of official scripts into square folds improves the efficiency of writing. For example, Guo Moruo's greater contribution to the reform of Qin Shihuang's writing is to use Li Shu to evaluate its importance (The Dialectical Development of Ancient Chinese Characters in the Age of Slavery).

 

Lishu is also called "Lizi" and "Ancient Book". On the basis of seal book, the font is produced to meet the needs of convenient writing. Simplify the small seal, and turn the round lines of the small seal into straight and square strokes for easy writing. It's a font created in prison. The emergence of Li Shu is a great change in ancient writing and calligraphy, which can be divided into "Qin Li" (also known as "ancient Li") and "Han Li" (also known as "modern Li").

 

Li Shu is a kind of solemn font commonly used in Chinese characters. Its writing effect is slightly broad and flat, its horizontal drawing is long and its straight drawing is short, and it pays attention to "silkworm head and swallow tail" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy circles are known as "Han Li Tang Kai". It is also said that Li Shu originated in the Warring States Period.

 

The official script is relative to seal script. The name of official script originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty. The emergence of Li Shu is another great reform of Chinese characters, which has brought Chinese calligraphy art into a new realm. It is a turning point in the history of the evolution of Chinese characters and laid the foundation of regular scripts. Lishu is flat, neat and exquisite. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, painting beautification such as abandonment, abandonment and dotting was provoked upward, and the weight of setbacks was varied, with the beauty of calligraphy art. Style also tends to diversify, which is of great value for artistic appreciation.

 

According to legend, Li Shu was arranged by Cheng Miao in prison at the end of Qin Dynasty. It was simplified and simplified. The characters changed round into square and the strokes changed into straight. Change "Lianbi" to "Broken Pen", from lines to strokes, it is more convenient to write. "Li Ren" is not a prisoner, but refers to "Xu Li", that is, a small official in charge of documents, so in ancient times Li Shu was called "Zuo Shu". Calligraphy also derives cursive script, regular script and running script, which lay the foundation for art.

 

Lishu is basically evolved from seal script. It mainly changes the circular stroke of seal script into square fold, because it is difficult to draw circular stroke on wooden slips with lacquer, so the writing speed of Lishu is faster.

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