博物馆前面庭院内种植有代表古代上埃及的“莲叶”和代表下埃及的世界上最古老的造纸材料——纸草。馆内设有 50 多个陈列室。一层按埃及古代历史发展顺序展出，在这里可以看到从古王国时期（公元前 2686 年至公元前2181 年）到公元五、六世纪的罗马统治时期的珍贵文物。古王国时期的展品以孟菲斯为中心的北埃及王墓出土雕像为主，有卡夫勒王座像，盘腿书记坐像，拉赫梯普国王及王妃民费雷特坐像等。后者为石灰岩着色像，仍保持了鲜艳的色彩。中王国时期，木雕逐渐代替石雕。陈列的彩色木雕士兵像、送祭品人像等极为精致。

 埃及号称“沙漠之国”，全境几乎是热带沙漠气候，但开罗则有所不同，准确来讲，开罗的气候展现了地中海式气候向热带沙漠气候的过渡性特征。因为尼罗河的滋润，尤其是靠近地中海，夏季炎热干燥，冬季温和多雨的地中海式气候特点突出，但开罗位于北纬30度附近，受到副热带高气压带的控制和干燥信风的影响，三面被沙漠包围，是世界上最大的“沙漠之城”，也是降水量最小的首都，年降水只有29毫米。因而开罗的气候结合了地中海气候和热带沙漠气候两者的特点，最冷月的气温不足十度，而此时的降水则相对较多，有地中海气候的特点；然而每个月的降水量都极少，气温很高，又与热带沙漠气候十分相似。

 埃及博物馆以广为收藏法老时期的文物为主，埃及人又习惯地称之为“法老博物馆”。埃及博物馆是一座古老而豪华的双层石头建筑物，是由被埃及人称为“埃及博物馆之父”的法国著名考古学家马里埃特于1858年在开罗北部的布拉克设计建筑的。当时建造这座博物馆的目的是为了阻止发掘出来的埃及国宝流往国外。

这个博物馆后又曾两次搬迁，1902年迁至开罗新馆。博物馆前面庭院内种植有代表古代上埃及的“莲叶”和代表下埃及的世界上最古老的造纸材料——纸草。馆内设有50多个陈列室。

埃及博物馆分为两层，展品按年代顺序分别陈列在几十间展室中。一层陈列公元前27～前22世纪古埃及时代到5～6世纪罗马统治时代的历史文物；二层设木乃伊、珠宝、棺木、绘画、随葬品、纸草文书等专题陈列室。

一层按埃及古代历史发展顺序展出，在这里可以看到从古王国时期（公元前2686年至公元前2181年）到公元五、六世纪的罗马统治时期的珍贵文物。古王国时期的展品以孟菲斯为中心的北埃及王墓出土雕像为主，有卡夫勒王座像，盘腿书记坐像，拉赫梯普国王及王妃民费雷特坐像等。后者为石灰岩着色像，仍保持了鲜艳的色彩。中王国时期，木雕逐渐代替石雕。陈列的彩色木雕士兵像、送祭品人像等极为精致。新王国时期，尤其是第十八王朝的年轻法者图坦卡蒙时期（公元前1584年至公元前1341年），是埃及的繁盛时代，除陈列有吐特摩斯三世、拉美西斯二世、阿孟霍特普四世等像外，还有跪像、蹲坐像等小雕像。希腊、罗马时期的展品有融合希腊写实风格的不同雕刻。

二层是专题陈列室。有棺木室、木乃伊室、珠宝室、绘画室、随葬品室、史前遗物室、图坦卡蒙室、纸草文书室等。图坦卡蒙室陈列有1700余件出土文物。其中图坦卡蒙法老木乃伊的“黄金面罩”、“黄金棺材”、“黄金宝座”等，可与世界上任何一个博物馆中最值得夸耀的文物媲美。尤其是“黄金面罩”，是用金板依照国王生前容貌打造，镶满红宝石，额上还塑有象征上下埃及统治者的兀鹰和眼镜蛇。这些光辉灿烂的金制品，是古代埃及财产的丰富和法老权力巨大的充分体现。二层西南角的木乃伊陈列室是埃及博物馆最吸引人的地方。里面安放有20余具埃及历代法老及其后妃们的木乃伊。木乃伊是几千年前经过制作的干尸。在存放木乃伊的人形棺木的盖上和内部，绘有死者的守护神或经文。如阿斯特姆卡布的彩色木棺棺盖，高205厘米，眼睛、眉毛用珐琅镶嵌，给人以雍容华贵之感。埃及博物馆存放的木乃伊，有的已有3500多年的历史，但仍保存完好，有的还可以清楚地看到头发和脚指甲。其中保存最好的是新王国第十九王朝的拉美西斯二世（约公元前1317年至公元前1251年）的遗体。拉美西斯二世在埃及历史上，第一个与外敌赫梯人之间缔结了和平条约，所以安放拉美西斯二世遗体的展室叫“战争与和平展览室”。

珍贵文物

图坦卡蒙墓出土的珍宝

博物馆最著名的展品是图坦阿蒙墓出土的珍宝，包括人形金棺、金樽室、金御座、王后金冠及其他王室用具。图坦阿蒙金棺是用450磅纯金制成，是人类历史上最精致、最伟大的金制品。年轻的图坦阿蒙王在18岁时死去，用三层棺匣来装殓王身。开罗的埃及国家博物馆馆藏有最内层和最外层的棺匣。金棺金制，彩漆，雕刻细腻，具有极高的美学价值。图坦阿蒙御座也是金光闪闪，座椅的正面两侧各有一个金制的狮子头，扶手为蛇首鹰身的雕像，分别代表上下埃及的王权。御座的靠背是一幅王室家庭生活的画面：在阳光照耀下，王后含情脉脉地抚摸御座上的国王，二人目光相对，和美温馨。椅背是一块黄金板上镶石加彩，与中国的景泰兰有异曲同工之感博物馆的著名藏品还有记录公元前31世纪完成古埃及统一大业的"纳尔迈"石板、哈扶拉金字塔中发现的法老哈扶拉坐像、石灰石雕像"书记官"、"王子拉霍特普和他的妻子“诺夫勒特”雕像组等都是举世闻名的古埃及艺术精品。

雕像

"王子拉霍特普和他的妻子诺夫勒特"雕像组是分别在两块石块上雕成的坐像。两个坐像

均为彩绘，内置的眼睛神采焕发，保存得相当完好。王子拉霍特普光着上身，戴白色项圈，着白色腰裙，上唇有与现代阿拉伯男子类似的短胡须，皮肤黝黑。诺夫勒特神情端庄，黑发及肩，额头束有白底彩花发带，颈上绘有黑、青、红三色的项链，丰满的身躯在白色衣裙中显得婀娜动人。在头部两侧有黑色的古埃及象形文字。白的底色上有人、鸟、植物、眼睛、庄稼等等，显得清晰、简洁、美丽，引起人无限的好奇心。这一组坐像也是古埃及艺术中将男子肌肤颜色与女子显著区分的代表，在艺术史上具有重要的地位。是考古的重大发现！

历史文化

它建于1881年，收藏的各种文物有30多万件，陈列展出的仅约6．3万件。但它的藏品从史前时代到远古、中古、帝国时代，以至希腊和罗马的美术品皆有。包括埃及法老的巨大石像和法老的镀金车辆，有史前的陶器、石器，也有古代艺人精心制作的各种艺术品，以及记载古埃及科学、文学、历史、法律等内容的纸莎草纸文献。还可以看到几千年前制作的木乃伊，躺在黄金、宝石镶嵌的棺木里，依旧保持原貌。 

埃及博物馆是由被埃及人称为“埃及博物馆之父”的法国著名考古学家玛利埃特于1863年在开罗北部的卜腊设计建造的。

法老咒语

“谁要是干扰了法老的安宁，死亡就会降临到他的头上”。

这是古埃及第十八王朝法老图坦卡蒙国王(又简称为图坦国王)的陵墓上镌刻的墓志铭。这个神秘而恐怖的“法老咒语”不仅给作家以创作灵感，更让考古学家着迷。事实真的如此吗？能不能用科学解释那些看似神秘的现象呢？

据英国《泰晤士报》10月4日报道，埃及古文物学会秘书长、考古学权威扎西?哈瓦斯博士正全力以赴地撰写一部新书，全面驳斥“法老咒语”。他在书中披露，“法老咒语”其实是一种可以致癌的氡气。

古埃及法老的神秘咒语盛行于20世纪20年代，1922年英国考古学家霍华德?卡特及其同伴进入图坦国王的墓穴，此后不久，卡特就由于被蚊子叮咬感染而神秘死亡。此后一直到1935年，与图坦卡蒙陵墓发掘工作直接或者间接相关的21名人员先后死于非命，这些人中包括主要发掘人卡特的助手、秘书及其家属等，这个咒语的传说就不胫而走。

但科学家一直认为是坟墓中隐藏的病菌导致了卡特的死亡。1999年德国微生物学家哥特哈德?克拉默果真在木乃伊身上发现了足以致命的细菌孢子(有的生物身体长成以后能产生一种细胞，这种细胞不经过两两结合，就可以直接形成新个体，这种细胞叫孢子)，它在木乃伊身上可以寄居繁殖长达数个世纪之久。在得知这一重大医学发现之后，埃及科学家哈瓦斯每次发掘陵墓时都要在墓室墙壁上钻一个通气孔，等陵墓内的腐败空气向外排放数小时之后再进入。由于经验丰富，在过去30年职业生涯里，哈瓦斯虽然屡屡“惊动法老神灵”，可时至今日他依然“健在”。

哈瓦斯经过检测发现，尼罗河谷诸法老陵墓的石灰墙内普遍充满了一种叫做“氡”的有害气体，而医学专家早有定论，氡气可以致癌，这也许正是导致部分考古人员患病甚至死亡的诱因。哈瓦斯在接受媒体采访时说：“某些别有用心的作家和制片人之所以杜撰出一些耸人听闻的传言，无非是想借机大发其财，与这些流言斗争的最好方法就是告诉人们真相，让人们了解一个真正的古埃及。”据悉，哈瓦斯公布了其检测结果后，埃及亚历山大大学的科研人员目前正在对5座尚未挖掘的陵墓作进一步气体探测，以便将氡气的危害降至最低。

 The Egyptian Museum was designed and constructed by Mariett, a famous French archaeologist known by Egyptians as "the father of the Egyptian Museum", in Pra, northern Cairo, in 1863. The Egyptian Museum is located on the East Bank of the Nile River, near the Nile Hilton Hotel in Cairo's Liberation Square. It is one of the most famous museums in the world. The Egyptian Museum is located in the Liberation Square of Cairo, the capital of Egypt. It is a treasure house of ancient Egyptian civilization with a history of more than 3000 years. There are more than 300,000 cultural relics in the collection, only 63,000 of which are on display, accounting for about one fifth of all cultural relics. Because the museum is mainly a collection of cultural relics from the Pharaoh period, the Egyptians are accustomed to calling it the "phaaoh museum".

In front of the museum, the courtyard is planted with lotus leaves representing ancient Upper Egypt and papyrus, the oldest paper-making material in the world representing Lower Egypt. The Museum has more than 50 showrooms. The first floor is displayed in the order of ancient Egyptian history. Here we can see the precious cultural relics from the ancient kingdom period (2686 BC to 2181 BC) to the Roman rule period in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. During the period of the ancient kingdom, the main exhibits were the statues unearthed from the tombs of Northern Egypt with Memphis as the center, including the statues of King Kaffler, the cross-legged secretary, the statues of King Lahtip and Princess Ferret. The latter is a limestone coloured image, which still maintains a bright colour. During the Middle Kingdom, wood carving gradually replaced stone carving. The coloured wooden carvings of soldiers and sacrificial figures on display are extremely delicate.

Egypt is known as a "desert country" and the whole area is almost tropical desert climate, but Cairo is different. To be exact, Cairo's climate shows the transitional characteristics of Mediterranean climate to tropical desert climate. Because the Nile River is moist, especially near the Mediterranean, hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter, the Mediterranean climate is prominent, but Cairo is located near the north latitude of 30 degrees, controlled by the subtropical high pressure zone and affected by dry trade winds. It is surrounded by deserts on three sides. It is also the largest desert City in the world. The capital with the smallest precipitation has only 29 millimetres of annual precipitation. Therefore, Cairo's climate combines the characteristics of Mediterranean climate and tropical desert climate. The coldest month's temperature is less than 10 degrees, while the precipitation at this time is relatively large, which has the characteristics of Mediterranean climate. However, the monthly precipitation is very little, the temperature is very high, and it is very similar to the tropical desert climate.

Egyptian museums mainly collect cultural relics of the Pharaoh period, and the Egyptians are accustomed to calling them "pharaoh museums". The Egyptian Museum is an ancient and luxurious double-decked stone building designed by the famous French archaeologist Mariett, who was called the "father of the Egyptian Museum" by the Egyptians, in Braque, northern Cairo, in 1858. The museum was built to prevent the exhumed Egyptian treasures from flowing abroad.

The Museum has been relocated twice since then, and in 1902 it was relocated to the new Cairo Museum. In front of the museum, the courtyard is planted with lotus leaves representing ancient Upper Egypt and papyrus, the oldest paper-making material in the world representing Lower Egypt. The Museum has more than 50 showrooms.

The Egyptian Museum is divided into two floors. The exhibits are displayed in dozens of exhibition rooms in chronological order. The first floor displays historical relics from the ancient Egyptian era to the Roman rule period of the 5th to 6th centuries B.C. from the 27th to 22nd centuries B.C. and the second floor has special exhibition rooms for mummies, jewelry, coffins, paintings, funerals, papyrus and other documents.

The first floor is displayed in the order of ancient Egyptian history. Here we can see the precious cultural relics from the ancient kingdom period (2686 BC to 2181 BC) to the Roman rule period in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. During the period of the ancient kingdom, the main exhibits were the statues unearthed from the tombs of Northern Egypt with Memphis as the center, including the statues of King Kaffler, the cross-legged secretary, the statues of King Lahtip and Princess Ferret. The latter is a limestone coloured image, which still maintains a bright colour. During the Middle Kingdom, wood carving gradually replaced stone carving. The coloured wooden carvings of soldiers and sacrificial figures on display are extremely delicate. The New Kingdom period, especially the Tutankhamun period (1584-1341 B.C.) of the eighteenth dynasty, was the flourishing period of Egypt. Besides the statues of Tutmus III, Ramses II and Amenhotep IV, there were also statues of kneeling and squatting. The Greek and Roman exhibits have different sculptures that blend Greek realistic styles.

The second floor is a special showroom. There are coffin room, mummy room, jewelry room, painting room, funeral room, prehistoric relics room, Tutankhamun room, papyrus office, etc. The Tutankhamun Room displays more than 1700 unearthed cultural relics. Among them, the "golden mask", "golden coffin" and "golden throne" of Pharaoh Tutankhamun's mummy can be compared with the most boastful cultural relics in any museum in the world. Especially the "gold mask" is made of gold plate according to the king's lifetime appearance, filled with rubies, with vultures and cobras symbolizing the rulers of upper and lower Egypt on the forehead. These brilliant gold products fully reflect the wealth of ancient Egyptian property and the great power of Pharaoh. The Mummy Showroom on the south-west corner of the second floor is the most attractive place for the Egyptian Museum. There are more than 20 mummies of Egyptian pharaohs and their concubines. The mummy was made thousands of years ago. On the cover and inside of the human-shaped coffin where the mummy is stored, there are paintings of the patron saint or Scripture of the deceased. For example, the color wooden coffin coffin coffin of Asimkab is 205 centimeters high, and the eyes and eyebrows are inlaid with enamel, giving people a sense of elegance and luxury. Some of the mummies in the Egyptian Museum have a history of more than 3,500 years, but they are still well preserved, and some can clearly see hair and toenails. Among them, the best preserved remains of Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty of the New Kingdom (about 1317 B.C. to 1251 B.C.). In Egyptian history, Ramses II was the first to conclude a peace treaty with the foreign enemy Hittites, so the exhibition room where the remains of Ramses II were placed is called "War and Peace Exhibition Room".

Treasures unearthed from Tutankhamun's tomb

The museum's most famous exhibits are the treasures unearthed from Tutanamon's tomb, including the human-shaped golden coffin, the golden chamber, the golden throne, the queen's golden crown and other royal utensils. Tutanamon Golden Coffin is made of 450 pounds of pure gold. It is the most exquisite and greatest gold product in human history. The young King Tutanamon died at the age of 18 and used three caskets to carry the body of the King. The Egyptian National Museum in Cairo has the innermost and outermost coffins. Golden coffin, painted paint, exquisite sculpture, with high aesthetic value. The throne of Tutanamon is also glittering with gold, with a golden lion's head on both sides of the front seat and a statue of a snake's head and an eagle's body on the armrest, representing the sovereignty of upper and lower Egypt respectively. The back of the throne is a picture of royal family life: in the sunshine, the queen touches the king on the throne affectionately. The two eyes are opposite and warm. The back of the chair is painted with stone inlaid on a gold plate. The museum's famous collection is similar to that of China's Jingtailan Museum. It also records the "Nalmai" slate, which completed the unification of ancient Egypt in the 31st century B.C., the statue of Pharaoh Hafra found in the pyramids of Hafra, the statue of "clerk" of limestone, Prince Lahortp and him. The sculpture group of his wife "Novlert" is a world-famous classic Egyptian art.

statue

The statue group of "Prince Rahotp and his wife Novlet" is a sitting statue carved on two stones respectively. Two sitting statues

All of them are painted in colour. The built-in eyes are radiant and well preserved. Prince Lahotep was naked, wearing a white collar, a white waist skirt, a short beard on his upper lip similar to that of modern Arab men, and his skin was dark. Novlet had a dignified look, black hair and shoulders, a white-bottomed flowery hairband on his forehead, a black, green and red necklace on his neck, and a plump figure in a white dress and skirt. Black ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs appear on both sides of the head. On the white background, there are people, birds, plants, eyes, crops and so on. They are clear, concise and beautiful, which arouses people's infinite curiosity. This group of seats is also a representative of the distinction between male skin color and female skin color in ancient Egyptian art, and has an important position in the history of art. It's a great archaeological discovery!

History and Culture

Founded in 1881, it has more than 300,000 cultural relics in its collection and only 63,000 on display. But its collections range from prehistoric times to ancient, medieval, imperial times to Greek and Roman art. Including Egyptian pharaoh's giant stone statues and pharaoh's gold-plated vehicles, there are prehistoric pottery, stone tools, as well as various works of art elaborately produced by ancient artists, as well as papyrus papyrus documents recording ancient Egyptian science, literature, history, law and so on. You can also see mummies made thousands of years ago, lying in coffins inlaid with gold and precious stones, still in their original shape.

The Egyptian Museum was designed and constructed by Mariett, a famous French archaeologist known by Egyptians as "the father of the Egyptian Museum", in Pra, northern Cairo, in 1863.