查尔斯·马金托什Charles Rennie Mackintosh

查尔斯·马金托什1868年生于格拉斯哥。马金托什是世纪之交英国最重要的建筑设计师和产品设计师他是一个多面手设计建筑、家具、室内、灯具、玻璃器皿、彩色玻璃、地毯和挂毯同时还是一个杰出的画家、艺术家他是新艺术运动中产生的全面设计师的典型代表。

中文名查尔斯·马金托什
外文名Charles Rennie Mackintosh
性别男
国籍英国
出生地格拉斯哥
出生日期1868年6月7日
逝世日期1928年12月10
职业画家、艺术家

早期的生活和教育

查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什出生在牧师街70号,Townhead、格拉斯哥、1868年6月7日,第四的11个孩子和第二个儿子威廉·麦金托什的负责人和首席职员格拉斯哥市的警察,和他的妻子玛格丽特·兰尼。麦金托什Townhead和长大Dennistoun(Firpark阶地)地区的格拉斯哥,他参加了里德的公立学校艾伦·格伦的机构.

1890年麦金托什的第二个冠军亚历山大•汤姆森旅行奖学金,建立的“促进学习古老的古典建筑,特别参考汤姆森先生的作品中所描绘的原则。”

的名字

他改变了他的名字的拼写“麦金托什”“麦金托什”由于未知的原因,正如他的父亲所做的一样,他,约1893。混乱继续环绕的使用他的名字与“兰尼”有时错误地代替他的名字“查尔斯”。现代“罗纳·麦金托什”作为姓氏也是不正确的,他从未被称为这样的一生;^[6]“兰尼”作为一个中间名,他经常用于写他的名字。签名用各种形式包括C.R.麦金托什和底盘。r·麦金托什。他的姓是因此“麦金托什”。

事业与家庭

在归来之后,他继续工作Honeyman & Keppie建筑实践,他开始了他的第一个主要建筑项目格拉斯哥预示着建筑(现在被称为灯塔),1899年。他是老板的妹妹结婚,杰西Keppie。

大约在1892年,麦金托什遇到的艺术家玛格丽特·麦克唐纳格拉斯哥艺术学院。他和同学赫伯特·麦克尼尔,同时也学徒Honeyman Keppie,介绍了玛格丽特和她的妹妹弗朗西丝·麦克唐纳格拉斯哥艺术学院的负责人,弗朗西斯·亨利·纽贝里在工作中,他看到相似之处。玛格丽特1900年8月22日,查尔斯结婚。这对夫妇没有孩子。麦克尼尔和弗朗西斯也结婚了。团队协作工作,被称为“四”,杰出的人物格拉斯哥的风格艺术和设计。

后,1904年他完成了几个成功的建筑设计,麦金托什Honeyman & Keppie成为合作伙伴,该公司成为Honeyman,Keppie &麦金托什。经济困难导致许多建筑实践时,1913年,他辞去了伙伴关系,试图打开自己的实践。

设计的影响

房间豪华的家具和室内设计的柳树茶室功能麦金托什和玛格丽特·麦克唐纳。

麦金托什一生大部分时间生活在格拉斯哥。位于银行的克莱德河期间,工业革命最大的生产中心,这个城市有一个世界上重型工程和造船。随着城市发展和繁荣,更快的反应对消费品的高需求和艺术是必要的。工业化批量生产的物品开始流行起来。随着工业革命和新兴亚洲风格现代主义思想也影响了麦金托什的设计。当日本孤立主义政权软化,他们打开自己全球化导致世界各地著名的日本影响。格拉斯哥与东方国家的链接变得尤为密切与船厂建造克莱德河接触日本海军和培训工程师。日本的设计变得更容易获得,获得大受欢迎。事实上,它变得如此受欢迎,所以不停地挪用和复制西方艺术家,西方世界的魅力和专注于日本艺术的新学期,人的特征或日本风。

这种风格被麦金托什,因为欣赏:约束和经济手段而不是招摇的积累,其简单的形式和自然材料而不是细化和技巧;使用纹理和光线和阴影,而不是模式和点缀。在古老的西方风格,家具被视为装饰品,显示主人的财富和价值的作品建立了根据时间创建它的长度。日本艺术家具和设计专注于空间的质量,这是为了唤起感觉平静的和有机的内部。

苏格兰格拉斯哥的街学校。

同时一个新的哲学关心创建功能和实用设计新兴整个欧洲:所谓的“现代主义思想”。现代主义运动的主要概念是开发创意和新技术:设计关心的是现在和未来,而不是历史和传统。重装饰和继承的风格被丢弃。虽然麦金托什被称为“先锋”的运动,他的设计是远离现代主义的荒凉的功利主义。他关心的是建立在人民的需求:人们看到的,不是质量,而是为生活在人需要的不是机器而是一种艺术品。麦金托什他的灵感来自他的苏格兰教育和混合与新艺术的繁荣和日本的简单形式。

在建筑工作的时候,查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什开发了自己的风格:对比强烈的直角和floral-inspired装饰图案与微妙的曲线,如麦金托什玫瑰图案,还有一些苏格兰传统建筑引用。这个项目帮助使他的国际声誉格拉斯哥艺术学院(1897 - 1909)。在早期阶段的格拉斯哥艺术学院麦金托什也完成了女王的十字教堂的项目在Maryhill,格拉斯哥。这被认为是查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什最神秘的项目之一。这是唯一教会的格拉斯哥出生的艺术家建立,现在是查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什协会总部。喜欢他的当代弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特麦金托什的建筑设计通常包括广泛的详细规格,装饰,装饰他的建筑。大多数如果不是所有这些细节和重大贡献他的建筑图纸的设计和详细的妻子玛格丽特·麦克唐纳^[9]查尔斯当遇到他们都出席了格拉斯哥艺术学院。他的工作在维也纳分裂在1900年的展览。麦金托什的建筑生涯是一个相对较短的一个,但重要的质量和效果。他所有的主要委员会是在1895^10]到1906年,^[11]包括设计的私人住宅、商业建筑、室内装修和教堂。

“灯塔”,查尔斯·麦金托什的格拉斯哥预示着建筑。

山的房子,Helensburgh格拉斯哥附近。

Windyhill,Kilmacolm.

前每日纪事报办公室,格拉斯哥
前格拉斯哥先驱报》现在办公室在米切尔街灯塔——苏格兰中心的架构,设计和城市
78 Derngate,北安普顿(室内设计和建筑改造Wenman约瑟夫•Bassett-Lowke的创始人Bassett-Lowke)
第五,北安普敦(Bassett-Lowke的妹夫)

无建筑物的设计

虽然适度流行(一段)在苏格兰,麦金托什的大多数更加雄心勃勃的设计没有建造。设计各种建筑为1901年格拉斯哥国际展览没有了,^[12]都是他的“Haus进行Kunstfreundes”(艺术爱好者的家)的。他参加了1903年设计大赛利物浦大教堂,但未能获得一个地方在名单上^[13](获胜者贾尔斯吉尔伯特•斯科特).

其他破坏麦金托什设计包括:

铁路终点站,
音乐厅,
替代音乐厅,
酒吧和餐厅,
展厅
科学和艺术博物馆
章的房子

艺术爱好者的房子在他死后(1901年)建成Bellahouston公园、格拉斯哥(1989 - 1996)。

艺术家的小屋和工作室(1901),被称为艺术家的小屋已经完成,Farr通过因弗内斯在1992年。架构师是罗伯特·汉密尔顿麦金太尔代表彼得Tovell博士和夫人。插图RCAHMS坎莫尔的网站可以找到。

第一个未实行的门的小屋,Auchinbothie(1901)草图意识到是一对镜像的城楼望去Achnabechan两边和艺术家的小屋驱动器,也在Farr因弗内斯。被称为北的房子和南方的房子,这些都是完成1995 - 7。

麦金托什的建筑产量很小,但他确实影响欧洲设计。流行在奥地利和德国,他的工作在收到好评维也纳分裂在1900年的展览。也表现出在布达佩斯、慕尼黑、德累斯顿、威尼斯和莫斯科。

设计和绘画

查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什内阁,皇家安大略博物馆.

这四个

麦金托什,他未来的妻子玛格丽特·麦克唐纳,她的妹妹弗朗西丝·麦克唐纳,赫伯特·麦克尼尔在夜校在格拉斯哥艺术学院(见上图)。他们被称为一个合作小组,“四”,或“格拉斯哥四”,是著名的“格拉斯哥艺术学院”运动。该集团在格拉斯哥,伦敦和维也纳,这些展览帮助建立麦金托什的声誉。所谓的“格拉斯哥”风格在欧洲和影响维也纳新艺术运动称为Sezessionstil(在英语中,维也纳分裂在1900年左右)。麦金托什也在室内设计、家具、纺织品和金属制品。很多这样的工作结合麦金托什的设计与他的妻子,其流动,花卉风格补充他的更正式,直线的工作。

以后的生活

在以后的生活中,对体系结构中,麦金托什工作主要是watercolourist,画无数风景和花的研究(通常与玛格丽特合作,以其风格麦金托什的逐步聚合)。他们在1914年搬到萨福克郡Walberswick村的。麦金托什是德国间谍的指控,并在1915年短暂逮捕。

到1923年,麦金托什Port-Vendres搬,在法国南部地中海沿海城市气候温暖,是一个相对便宜的生活的位置。麦金托什已经完全放弃了架构和设计,集中在水彩绘画。他感兴趣的是人造和天然景观之间的关系,并创造了大量的建筑和景观组合水彩绘画。他的许多画作描绘我们港口西班牙边境附近的一个小港口,鲁西荣的风景。当地的查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什小道细节在我们港和展示了绘画和它们的位置。这对夫妇仍在法国两年了,在1927年被迫返回伦敦之前因病。

那一年,查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什被诊断出喉咙和舌癌。短暂的复苏促使他离开医院,在家养伤了几个月。麦金托什被送进养老院,他于1928年12月10日去世,享年60岁。他是在伦敦的高特格林火葬场火化,骨灰埋在理由(标记)。

回顾

前面(北)CM麦金托什的格拉斯哥艺术学院在伦弗鲁街,Garnethill在格拉斯哥,苏格兰。

麦金托什的设计获得了在他死后几十年的受欢迎程度。他的房子为艺术爱好者建于1996年在格拉斯哥Bellahouston公园,和格拉斯哥大学(拥有大部分的水彩画工作)重建连栋房屋内部的麦金托什设计,并提供他和玛格丽特的工作(这是大学的一部分Hunterian博物馆)。的格拉斯哥艺术学院建筑(现在“麦金托什大厦”)被建筑评论家视为英国最好的建筑之一。2014年5月23日建筑遭火灾。图书馆被毁,但消防队员救其他的建筑。

查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什社会鼓励更大的意识麦金托什的工作作为一个建筑师,艺术家和设计师。麦金托什的重新发现一个重要的人物设计已归因于格拉斯哥的称号欧洲文化之城在1990年,展览他的作品是伴随着长达一年的节日。以来经久不衰的流行已经被进一步推动展览和书籍和纪念品,说明他的生活和工作的各个方面。公共利益导致的复兴整修开放更多的建筑物,如柳茶在格拉斯哥和房间78年Derngate在北安普顿。从1990年代起苏格兰艺术家斯图尔特鲍曼约翰逊,谁在麦金托什建筑格拉斯哥艺术学院学习,产生一系列的解释建筑师的工作包括作品描绘的门窗柳树茶室。

的大都会艺术博物馆在纽约举行的主要回顾展览查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什的作品从1996年11月21日到1997年2月16日。结合展览被学者讲座和研讨会,包括帕梅拉•罗伯逊Hunterian美术馆、格拉斯哥画廊老板罗杰·Billcliffe建筑师j·斯图尔特•约翰逊和筛选关于麦金托什的纪录片。

查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什在一系列的纪念钞票发行的强健的挽马银行2009年,他的形象出现在£100的笔记的问题。

2012年,最大的艺术收藏之一查尔斯·罗纳·麦金托什和格拉斯哥四人格拉斯哥艺术学院在爱丁堡拍卖£1.3 m。销售工作包括麦金托什的嫂子弗朗西丝·麦克唐纳和她的丈夫赫伯特·麦克尼尔。

2015年7月宣布麦金托什设计的茶室将重建形成显示邓迪的新博物馆博物馆。虽然住在格拉斯哥的茶室的原始建筑英格拉姆街于1971年被拆除内部都被拆除并保存起来。

English Introduction

Early life and education

Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born at 70 Parson Street, Townhead, Glasgow, on 7 June 1868, the fourth of 11 children and second son of William McIntosh, the superintendent and chief clerk of the City of Glasgow Police, and his wife, Margaret Rennie. Mackintosh grew up in the Townhead and Dennistoun (Firpark Terrace) areas of Glasgow, and he attended Reid's Public School and the Allan Glen's Institution.

In 1890 Mackintosh was the second winner of the Alexander Thomson Travelling Studentship, set up for the "furtherance of the study of ancient classic architecture, with special reference to the principles illustrated in Mr. Thomson's works."

Name

He changed the spelling of his name from 'McIntosh' to 'Mackintosh' for unknown reasons, as his father did before him, around 1893.Confusion continues to surround the use of his name with 'Rennie' sometimes incorrectly substituted for his first name of 'Charles'. The modern use of 'Rennie Mackintosh' as a surname is also incorrect and he was never known as such in his lifetime; 'Rennie' being a middle name which he used often in writing his name. Signatures took various forms including 'C.R. Mackintosh' and 'Chas. R. Mackintosh.' His surname was thus 'Mackintosh'.

Career and family

Upon his return, he resumed work with the Honeyman & Keppie architectural practice where he started his first major architectural project, the Glasgow Herald Building (now known as The Lighthouse), in 1899. He was engaged to marry his employer's sister, Jessie Keppie.

Around 1892, Mackintosh met fellow artist Margaret Macdonald at the Glasgow School of Art. He and fellow student Herbert MacNair, also an apprentice at Honeyman and Keppie, were introduced to Margaret and her sister Frances MacDonald by the head of the Glasgow School of Art, Francis Henry Newbery, who saw similarities in their work.Margaret and Charles married on 22 August 1900. The couple had no children. MacNair and Frances also married the previous year. The group worked collaboratively and came to be known as "The Four", and were prominent figures in Glasgow Style art and design.

In 1904, after he had completed several successful building designs, Mackintosh became a partner in Honeyman & Keppie, and the company became Honeyman, Keppie & Mackintosh. When economic hardships were causing many architectural practices to close, in 1913, he resigned from the partnership and attempted to open his own practice.

Design influences

Mackintosh lived most of his life in the city of Glasgow. Located on the banks of theRiver Clyde, during the Industrial Revolution, the city had one of the greatest production centres of heavy engineering and shipbuilding in the world. As the city grew and prospered, a faster response to the high demand for consumer goods and arts was necessary. Industrialized, mass-produced items started to gain popularity. Along with the Industrial Revolution, Asian style and emerging modernist ideas also influenced Mackintosh's designs. When the Japanese isolationist regime softened, they opened themselves to globalisation resulting in notable Japanese influence around the world. Glasgow's link with the eastern country became particularly close with shipyards building at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese navy and training engineers. Japanese design became more accessible and gained great popularity. In fact, it became so popular and so incessantly appropriated and reproduced by Western artists, that the Western World's fascination and preoccupation with Japanese art gave rise to the new term, Japonism or Japonisme.

This style was admired by Mackintosh because of: its restraint and economy of means rather than ostentatious accumulation; its simple forms and natural materials rather than elaboration and artifice; the use of texture and light and shadow rather than pattern and ornament. In the old western style, furniture was seen as ornament that displayed the wealth of its owner and the value of the piece was established according to the length of time spent creating it. In the Japanese arts furniture and design focused on the quality of the space, which was meant to evoke a calming and organic feeling to the interior.

At the same time a new philosophy concerned with creating functional and practical design was emerging throughout Europe: the so-called "modernist ideas". The main concept of the Modernist movement was to develop innovative ideas and new technology: design concerned with the present and the future, rather than with history and tradition. Heavy ornamentation and inherited styles were discarded. Even though Mackintosh became known as the ‘pioneer’ of the movement, his designs were far removed from the bleak utilitarianism of Modernism. His concern was to build around the needs of people: people seen, not as masses, but as individuals who needed not a machine for living in but a work of art. Mackintosh took his inspiration from his Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Art Nouveau and the simplicity of Japanese forms.

While working in architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh developed his own style: a contrast between strong right angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs with subtle curves, e.g. the Mackintosh Rose motif, along with some references to traditional Scottish architecture. The project that helped make his international reputation was the Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909). During the early stages of the Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh also completed the Queen's Cross Church project in Maryhill, Glasgow. This is considered to be one of Charles Rennie Mackintosh most mysterious projects. It is the only church by the Glasgow born artist to be built and is now the Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society headquarters. Like his contemporary Frank Lloyd Wright, Mackintosh's architectural designs often included extensive specifications for the detailing, decoration, and furnishing of his buildings. The majority if not all of this detailing and significant contributions to his architectural drawings were designed and detailed by his wife Margaret Macdonaldwhom Charles had met when they both attended the Glasgow School of Art. His work was shown at the Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. Mackintosh's architectural career was a relatively short one, but of significant quality and impact. All his major commissions were between 1895 and 1906, including designs for private homes, commercial buildings, interior renovations and churches.

Former Daily Record offices, Glasgow
Former Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street, now The Lighthouse – Scotland's Centre for Architecture, Design and the City
78 Derngate, Northampton (interior design and architectural remodelling for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke, founder of Bassett-Lowke)
5 The Drive, Northampton (for Bassett-Lowke's brother-in-law)

Unbuilt designs

Although moderately popular (for a period) in his native Scotland, most of Mackintosh's more ambitious designs were not built. Designs for various buildings for the 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition were not constructed, neither was his "Haus eines Kunstfreundes" (Art Lover's House) of the same year. He competed in the 1903 design competition for Liverpool Cathedral, but failed to gain a place on the shortlist (the winner was Giles Gilbert Scott).

Other unbuilt Mackintosh designs include:

Railway Terminus,
Concert Hall,
Alternative Concert Hall,
Bar and Dining Room,
Exhibition Hall
Science and Art Museum
Chapter House

The House for An Art Lover (1901) was built after his death in Bellahouston Park, Glasgow (1989–1996).

An Artist's Cottage and Studio (1901), known as The Artist's Cottage, was completed atFarr by Inverness in 1992. The architect was Robert Hamilton Macintyre acting for Dr and Mrs Peter Tovell.^[16]^[17] Illustrations can be found on the RCAHMS Canmore site.

The first of the unexecuted Gate Lodge, Auchinbothie (1901) sketches was realised as a mirrored pair of gatehouses to either side of the Achnabechanand The Artist's Cottage drives, also at Farr by Inverness. Known as North House and South House, these were completed 1995-7.

Mackintosh's architectural output was small, but he did influence European design. Popular in Austria and Germany, his work received acclaim when it was shown at the Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. It was also exhibited in Budapest, Munich, Dresden, Venice and Moscow.

Design work and paintings

The Four

Mackintosh, his future wife Margaret MacDonald, her sister Frances MacDonald, and Herbert MacNair met at evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art (see above). They became known as a collaborative group, "The Four", or "The Glasgow Four", and were prominent members of the "Glasgow School" movement.^[23] The group exhibited in Glasgow, London and Vienna, and these exhibitions helped establish Mackintosh's reputation. The so-called "Glasgow" style was exhibited in Europe and influenced the Viennese Art Nouveau movement known as Sezessionstil (in English, the Vienna Secession) around 1900. Mackintosh also worked in interior design, furniture, textiles and metalwork. Much of this work combines Mackintosh's own designs with those of his wife, whose flowing, floral style complemented his more formal, rectilinear work.

Later life

Later in life, disillusioned with architecture, Mackintosh worked largely as a watercolourist, painting numerous landscapes and flower studies (often in collaboration with Margaret, with whose style Mackintosh's own gradually converged). They moved to the Suffolk village of Walberswick in 1914. There Mackintosh was accused of being a German spy and briefly arrested in 1915.

By 1923, the Mackintoshes had moved to Port-Vendres, a Mediterranean coastal town in southern France with a warm climate that was a comparably cheaper location in which to live. Mackintosh had entirely abandoned architecture and design and concentrated on watercolour painting. He was interested in the relationships between man-made and naturally occurring landscapes, and created a large portfolio of architecture and landscape watercolour paintings. Many of his paintings depictPort Vendres, a small port near the Spanish border, and the landscapes of Roussillon. The local Charles Rennie Mackintosh Trail details his time in Port Vendres and shows the paintings and their locations.^[26] The couple remained in France for two years, before being forced to return to London in 1927 due to illness.

That year, Charles Rennie Mackintosh was diagnosed with throat and tongue cancer. A brief recovery prompted him to leave the hospital and convalesce at home for a few months. Mackintosh was admitted to a nursing home where he died on 10 December 1928 at the age of 60. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in London, his ashes are buried in the grounds (with a marker).

Retrospect

Mackintosh's designs gained in popularity in the decades following his death. His House for an Art Lover was built in Glasgow's Bellahouston Park in 1996, and the University of Glasgow (which owns most of his watercolour work) rebuilt the interior of a terraced house Mackintosh had designed, and furnished it with his and Margaret's work (it is part of the university's Hunterian Museum). The Glasgow School of Art building (now "The Mackintosh Building") is cited by architectural critics as among the finest buildings in the UK. On 23 May 2014 the building was ravaged by fire. The library was destroyed, but firefighters managed to save the rest of the building.

The Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society encourages greater awareness of the work of Mackintosh as an architect, artist and designer. The rediscovery of Mackintosh as a significant figure in design has been attributed to the designation of Glasgow asEuropean City of Culture in 1990,^[28] and exhibition of his work which accompanied the year-long festival. His enduring popularity since has been fuelled by further exhibitions and books and memorabilia which have illustrated aspects of his life and work. The revival of public interest has led to the refurbishment and opening of more buildings to the public, such as the Willow Tea Rooms in Glasgow and 78 Derngate in Northampton. From the 1990s onwards the Scottish artist Stewart Bowman Johnson, who studied in the Mackintosh building at Glasgow School of Art, produced a series of interpretations of the architect's work including works depicting the doors and windows of the Willow tearooms.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a major retrospective exhibition of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's works from 21 November 1996 to 16 February 1997. In conjunction with the exhibit were lectures and a symposium by scholars, including Pamela Robertson of the Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow art gallery owner Roger Billcliffe, and architect J. Stewart Johnson, and screening of documentary films about Mackintosh.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh was commemorated on a series of banknotes issued by the Clydesdale Bank in 2009; his image appeared on an issue of £100 notes.

In 2012, one of the largest collections of art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow Four Glasgow School was sold at auction in Edinburgh for £1.3m. The sale included work by Mackintosh's sister-in-law Frances Macdonald and her husband Herbert MacNair.

In July 2015 it was announced that Mackintosh's designs for a tearoom would be reconstructed to form a display in Dundee's new V&A museum. Although the original building which housed the tearoom on Glasgow's Ingram Street was demolished in 1971 the interiors had all been dismantled and put into storage.

艺术官网信息声明

1、本站美术网信息均来自于美术家自己或其朋友、网络等方式，本站无法确定每条信息或事件的真伪，仅做浏览者参考。

2、只要用户使用本站则意味着该用户以同意《本站注册及使用协议》，否则请勿使用本站任何服务。

3、信息删除不收任何费用，VIP会员修改信息终身免费(VIP会员点此了解)。

4、未经本站书面同意，请勿转载本站信息，谢谢配合！

信息统计与维护

美术百科参考资料

1、Charles Rennie Mackintosh