传记

霍普金斯出生于苏塞克斯郡伊斯特伯恩市，在伦敦金融城学校接受教育，完成了伦敦大学外部课程和盖伊医院医学院的进一步学习，现在是伦敦国王学院医学院的一部分，然后在1894年至1898年在盖伊医院教授生理学和毒理学。

==早期生活==杰西·安妮·斯蒂芬斯与小说作者J.B.普里斯特利结婚，并与雅克塔·霍克斯结婚。

同样在1898年，在等待生理学会的一次会议时，他被迈克尔·福斯特爵士邀请加入剑桥的生理实验室，研究生理学的化学方面。当时，生物化学并没有被认为是一门独立的科学。1902年6月，他获得了生物化学方面的读者，1910年，他成为三一学院的院士和伊曼纽尔学院的荣誉院士。1914年，他被选为剑桥大学生物化学系的主席，成为剑桥大学生物化学系的第一位教授，他的剑桥学生包括神经化学先驱Judah Hirsch Quastel和胚胎先驱Joseph Needham。

霍普金斯长期以来一直研究细胞如何通过氧化和还原反应的复杂代谢过程获得能量。1907年，他与沃尔特·莫利·弗莱彻爵士一起研究了乳酸与肌肉收缩之间的关系，这是他在细胞生物化学方面工作的中心成就之一。他和弗莱彻表明，缺氧会导致肌肉中乳酸的积累。他们的工作为后来阿奇博尔德·希尔和奥托·弗里茨·梅耶霍夫发现碳水化合物代谢循环提供肌肉收缩所需的能量铺平了道路。

1912年，霍普金斯发表了他最著名的著作，在一系列动物饲养实验中证明，由纯蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪、矿物质和水组成的饮食不能支持动物生长。这使他提出，在正常饮食中存在着微量尚未确定的物质，这些物质对动物的生长和生存至关重要。他把这些假想的物质称为“辅助食物因子”，后来改名为维生素，正是这项工作使他（与克里斯蒂安·艾克曼一起）获得了1929年诺贝尔医学生理学奖。

第一次世界大战期间，霍普金斯继续研究维生素的营养价值。在粮食短缺和定量配给的时代，他的努力尤其有价值。他同意对人造黄油的营养价值进行研究，并发现，由于缺乏维生素A和D，人造黄油可能不如黄油。由于他的工作，1926年推出了富含维生素的人造黄油。

1921年，霍普金斯发现并鉴定了从各种动物组织中提取的谷胱甘肽，当时他提出该化合物是谷氨酸和半胱氨酸的二肽。这一结构多年来一直存在争议，但1929年他得出结论认为它是谷氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸的三肽，这一结论与爱德华·卡尔文·肯德尔的独立研究结果一致。

在他的一生中，除了诺贝尔奖，霍普金斯在1918年被授予皇家学会皇家勋章，1926年被授予皇家学会科普利勋章。其他重要的荣誉包括1905年他被选为英国最负盛名的科学组织皇家学会的研究员；1925年他被乔治五世国王封为爵士；1935年被授予英国最排他的平民荣誉功勋勋章。1930年至1935年，他担任皇家学会主席，1933年担任英国科学促进会主席。

他于1947年5月16日在剑桥去世，与妻子杰西·安·霍普金斯（Jessie Ann Hopkins）葬在剑桥阿森松斯墓地的教区。

Biography

Hopkins was born in Eastbourne, Sussex, and educated at the City of London Schoolcompleting his further study with the University of London External Programme and the medical school at Guy's Hospital which is now part of King's College London School of Medicine He then taught physiology and toxicology at Guy's Hospital from 1894 to 1898.

In 1898 he married Jessie Anne Stephens (1861–1937); they had two daughters, one of whom, Jacquetta Hawkes, was married to J.B. Priestley, the author.

Also in 1898, while attending a meeting of the Physiological Society, he was invited by Sir Michael Foster to join the Physiological Laboratory in Cambridge to investigate the chemical aspects of physiology. Biochemistry was not, at that time, recognised as a separate branch of science. In June 1902 he was given a readership in biochemistry,and in 1910 he became a Fellow of Trinity College, and an Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College. In 1914 he was elected to the Chair of Biochemistry at Cambridge University, thus becoming the first Professor in that discipline at Cambridge.His Cambridge students included neurochemistry pioneer Judah Hirsch Quastel and pioneer embryologist Joseph Needham.

Hopkins had for a long time studied how cells obtain energy via a complex metabolic process of oxidation and reduction reactions. His study in 1907 with Sir Walter Morley Fletcher of the connection between lactic acid and muscle contraction was one of the central achievements of his work on the biochemistry of the cell. He and Fletcher showed that oxygen depletion causes an accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle. Their work paved the way for the later discovery by Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof that a carbohydrate metabolic cycle supplies the energy used for muscle contraction.

In 1912 Hopkins published the work for which he is best known, demonstrating in a series of animal feeding experiments that diets consisting of pure proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and water fail to support animal growth. This led him to suggest the existence in normal diets of tiny quantities of as yet unidentified substances that are essential for animal growth and survival. These hypothetical substances he called "accessory food factors", later renamed vitamins.It was this work that led his being awarded (together with Christiaan Eijkman) the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology for Medicine.

During World War I, Hopkins continued his work on the nutritional value of vitamins. His efforts were especially valuable in a time of food shortages and rationing. He agreed to study the nutritional value of margarine and found that it was, as suspected, inferior to butter because it lacked the vitamins A and D. As a result of his work, vitamin-enriched margarine was introduced in 1926.

Hopkins is credited with the discovery and characterisation in 1921 of glutathione extracted from various animal tissues.At the time he proposed that the compound was a dipeptide of glutamic acid and cysteine. The structure was controversial for many years but in 1929 he concluded that it was a tripeptide of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine.This conclusion agreed with that from the independent work of Edward Calvin Kendall.

During his life, in addition to the Nobel Prize, Hopkins was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1918 and theCopley Medal of the Royal Society in 1926. Other significant honours were his election in 1905 to fellowship in the Royal Society, Great Britain's most prestigious scientific organisation; his knighthood by King George V in 1925; and the award in 1935 of the Order of Merit, Great Britain's most exclusive civilian honour. From 1930 -1935 he served as president of theRoyal Society and in 1933 served as President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

He died on 16 May 1947 in Cambridge and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with wife Lady Jessie Ann Hopkins.