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【文论精选】齐鲁民间儿童游戏“跳方”的视觉符号分析

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摘要:齐鲁地区文化底蕴深厚,民俗资源丰富,民间儿童游戏“跳方”是非常具有代表性的齐鲁民俗文化之一,曾经伴随着几代人的童年。随着社会城市化进程的发展,民俗文化因其赖以存在的村落、人口、生产与生活方式等要素的逐渐消失而不同程度的消逝。为了能够更好地传承民俗文化,以齐鲁民间儿童游戏“跳方”为对象,进行视觉符号的分析,借于儿童绘本的视觉符号特征与其在儿童早期教育中的重要作用,归纳总结“跳方”游戏绘本的创作依据,为绘本创作提供现实的可能。

关键词:齐鲁民俗,儿童游戏,跳方,符号,文化

项目简介:山东省艺术教育专项课题,立项号:ZY20201325

一、概述

齐鲁民间儿童游戏“跳方”是非常具有代表性的齐鲁民俗文化之一,能体现齐鲁人民的生产、生活风俗与风貌。民俗文化伴随着人类的生产、生活而产生,是形式多样、内涵丰富的民族和国家精神文化的象征。然而,随着社会城市化进程的发展,有些民俗文化因其赖以存在的村落、人口、生产与生活方式等要素的逐渐消失,也慢慢被人们所遗忘。

读图时代的到来,使得绘本成为当今儿童最早接触到的书籍形式之一,对于儿童认知的引导与构建起着重要的作用。以齐鲁民间儿童游戏“跳方”为对象进行视觉符号分析,进而形成儿童绘本作品,能够很好地传承齐鲁民俗文化。

二、齐鲁民间儿童游戏——跳方的视觉符号分析

民间儿童游戏是民俗文化的重要组成部分,中国幅员辽阔,“百里不同风,十里不同俗”,不同地域或者民间儿童游戏完全不同,或者同一类游戏,有着不同的叫法和玩法,因此民间儿童游戏带有鲜明的地域特征。在齐鲁地区,跳方就是深受儿童喜爱的民间游戏之一。

1、什么是跳方

跳方,也叫“触瓦”“跳房”,参与者以女孩居多。通常,参与者使用随时随地可以捡到的小树枝、碎石块等,在土质地面上,按照一定的规则划出连在一起若干个方格,随着社会的发展,后来演变为用粉笔将方格画在水泥地面上。2个人或4、5个人参加游戏,按照既定顺序依次出场。出场者有一碎瓦片,叫作“瓦儿”,也经常用布毽子代替。游戏的主要目的是盖“房子”,并以盖“房子”的多少排名次、定输赢。


图1跳方游戏示意图(来自网络)


2、跳方游戏的视觉符号分析

2.1 游戏方格视觉符号分析

跳方游戏的方格是线与面的构成。常见地跳方方格形式由上、下相连的两部分组成,上面是三角形,下面是由不同大小、数量组成的若干个方格,每一个方格代表一个“房子”,方格的基本形式如图2所示。在游戏过程中,游戏参与者会根据自己的喜好,自由组合出多种方格形式,如图3所示,方格越多,游戏难度越大。



图2方格基本形式(作者绘制) 图3方格组合形式(作者绘制)


对比图1、图2、图3发现,图1中的方格线条,是相对生动的自由线条,而不是水平、垂直的无机线,这种线条的特征与儿童对线条的表现能力相符,同时也与画方格的工具、地面情况等直接相关。跳方游戏一般在相对宽敞的空地上进行,每个方格要能落放两只脚、一个“瓦儿”的同时,还留有足够可以让脚活动的空间,不能太小。以6岁儿童脚的尺寸为参照,每个方格最小为60cm左右,对于这个年龄段的儿童而言,在地面上连续画出多个60cm的方格,没有工具辅助的情况下是存在一定难度的,因此线条很难画的水平或垂直,而更容易画成图1中那种自由的线条。图1中的方格是游戏中的方格形态,生动的方格线条增加了画面的趣味性,因此,更适合用于儿童绘本中跳方游戏方格的表现。

图2、图3中的方格是作者根据跳方游戏的已有文献描述绘制的,线条经过整理,概括性强,适合用来表示跳方方格的基本框架结构,但由于线条缺乏变化,不够生动,因此不适用于儿童绘本中方格的表现。

跳方方格是对齐鲁地区传统房屋造型的模仿。齐鲁地区,房屋自古以来就被人们视为财富、地位等的象征,甚至是决定婚姻能否成功的关键,男女老幼对房屋建造都非常重视。儿童自幼对房屋建造过程耳濡目染,跳方游戏就是对古时建造房屋活动的抽象模仿,因此,跳方方格的整体形状与齐鲁地区的传统房屋造型一致。齐鲁地区的传统房屋,多数是茅草房或瓦房,房屋的基本造型可以概括为长方形的底+三角形的顶,如图4所示。齐鲁人民对于这种房屋造型的喜爱,一直延续至今,在现代建筑中,依然可见。

图4齐鲁民居(作者拍摄)  图5 现代楼房(作者拍摄)


2.2 跳方游戏道具的视觉符号分析

“瓦儿”是游戏中不可缺少的道具,除了瓦块之外,还经常使用布毽子代替。布毽子,也叫沙包,是用六块大小相等的方形布块缝制而成的,里面一般会装入粗沙粒,有时也会装入干的玉米粒、大豆等之类的谷物,这样,在抛“瓦儿”的时候就会发出响声,增加游戏的趣味性。

布毽子的颜色、花纹,折射大众的审美。缝制布毽子的布料大多是家中的零碎布头,根据布头大小,可以是同一块布裁剪之后缝制,也可以是多块不同花色的布裁剪之后缝制,拼缝的效果直接反应缝制者的审美水平。

缝制布毽子的布料,反应生产、生活水平。用于缝制布毽子的布料主要是平时做衣服、被子、床单等剩余的布头,面料以棉布为主,种类单一,从另一方面放映出当时人们的生产、生活水平。

2.3 游戏参与主体的视觉符号分析

尽管跳方游戏是儿童对建造房屋活动的模仿,但游戏参与主体却以女孩居多,这与房屋建造以男性为主的情况不同。

女孩作为跳方游戏参与的主体,常见的装扮是身着连衣短裙或短裙套装,圆圆的脑袋,两边各扎着一个称为“羊角辫儿”的小辫子,圆圆的眼睛和嘴巴。中国向来以圆为美,赋予圆“圆满”“团圆”等美好寓意,绘本人物造型中的圆形,正是传统审美的视觉反应与体现。

根据以上分析,将游戏参与主体的视觉符号分析整理如表1所示:

表1 跳方游戏参与主体的视觉符号分析(作者绘制)

主体要素视觉符号分析

服装短裙套装或连衣短裙,凸显小女孩的朝气与活力

头型圆形,符合中国普遍的审美

发型在圆圆的脑袋两边各扎一个小马尾,显得活泼、可爱

脸型以圆脸为多,认为饱满、圆润是美的

五官大眼睛,小嘴巴,双眼皮



三、民俗类儿童绘本的视觉符号分析

绘本,在欧美国家主要称为picture book,直接翻译成中文是图画书,但中文的“图画书”所涵盖的范围非常广泛,连环画、漫画、带有插图的小说等都可以称为图画书,这些并不在本文的研究范围之内。本文所指的绘本主要是采用图画和文字两种媒介结合进行叙事的一种图书形式。

本部分,将以两本较为受欢迎的民俗类儿童绘本作品作为案例进行视觉符号分析,为以跳方为主题的儿童绘本创作提供参考。绘本案例的选择依据主要来自两个方面,一方面是参照网络图书销售平台当当网的儿童绘本销售数据,另一方面参考豆瓣评分,综合这两部分的数据,最终选定的绘本分别是《团圆》《灶王爷》。根据Pierce的符号学理论,将从象征符号、指标符号、图像符号三个方面对这两本绘本进行分析。


图6《团圆》(来自网络)  图7《灶王爷》(来自网络)

《团圆》绘本讲述的是关于过年的故事。“在外面盖大房子”的爸爸一年只在过年的时候回一次家,回到家的爸爸给家人带来了快乐、温暖与爱,全家团圆,其乐融融。故事的讲述以爸爸回家的时间为轴线,大部分页面采用图文结合的叙事方式,少数页面只有图像叙事,没有文字。绘本中的主要角色是“我”、妈妈、爸爸,“我”扎着两个羊角辫儿,穿着红棉袄,戴着爸爸给带回来的漂亮帽子,非常开心;妈妈换上了爸爸给买的新棉袄,特别漂亮;爸爸理完发、刮完胡子后,又变回了以前的爸爸。红灯笼、包汤圆、迎新春、舞龙灯、堆雪人等,都恰到好处的渲染着过年的氛围。

《灶王爷》以家庭为故事发展的主要场景。绘本中,灶王爷的形象突出,又圆又大的眼睛是他的特征,寓意明察秋毫与监督,主要用于监察“我”、爷爷、奶奶的言行,倡导仁厚与善行,传达淳朴的民间信仰。通过对灶王爷职权与特点的表现与描述,让孩子们在听中国故事的同时,更好地了解中国的传统文化。

两本绘本的视觉符号分析整理如表2所示: 

根据以上分析得出:

1、民俗类儿童绘本的故事场景倾向于家庭,故事角色以家庭成员为主,常伴有猫、狗等动物,能够反映出家的温暖与爱,有助于引导儿童树立正确的三观。

2、儿童绘本的叙事结构多采用图文结合的形式,符合儿童的认知水平,有助于儿童更好的理解绘本内容。

3、形象要素简洁,特征鲜明,角色形象能够很好地表现绘本故事主题,形象要素在体现趣味性的同时注重对主题的强调与烘托。

4、绘本色彩浓郁,颜色饱和度相对较高,在满足故事需要的同时,符合儿童对色彩审美的需求。

四、跳方游戏的儿童绘本创作依据

根据Pierce的符号学理论,对民俗类绘本进行象征、指标、图像三个方面的分析可知,民俗类儿童绘本多采用图文结合的叙事方式,注重场景、叙事结构、形象要素、色彩等的表现。这为我们以跳方游戏为主题的儿童绘本创作提供了依据: 

1、游戏场景:以胡同、街巷或家中庭院为主,场景中有齐鲁地区代表性的房屋造型。

2、叙事结构:该绘本主要面向学前儿童,叙事结构以图像为主,文字为辅,文字可以是词或简单的句子,尽量简洁。

3、形象要素:庭院的形制、楹联、水井、农具等都是重要的形象元素,以有机、生动的线条表现为宜。

4、色彩特征:整体色调会受到游戏场景的影响,为了让画面色彩不沉闷,可以运用点缀色进行调和。

五、结论

通过对齐鲁民间儿童游戏跳方的视觉符号分析可知,该游戏是对齐鲁地区房屋建造活动的模仿。跳方游戏的方格主要由线与面构成的,方格造型与齐鲁地区传统民居造型具有一致性。作为游戏道具的布毽子造型独特,颜色、花纹能够在一定程度上折射群众的审美,制作布毽子所用的布料,能够反应生产、生活水平。女孩作为跳方游戏参与的主体,其着装、脸型等能够体现传统审美特征。

结合民俗类儿童绘本的视觉符号分析,从游戏场景、叙事结构、形象要素、色彩特征等方面归纳总结出以游戏跳方为主题的绘本创作依据,为下一步儿童绘本的创作提供现实可行性。


(作者系临沂大学传媒学院,韩国南首尔大学博士在读)



Abstract: Qilu has profound cultural heritage and rich folk resources. Folk children's game "jumping square" is one of the very representative Qilu folk cultures, which has been accompanied by the childhood of several generations. With the development of social urbanization, folk culture disappears in varying degrees due to the gradual disappearance of the elements such as village, population, production and lifestyle. In order to better inherit folk culture, take Qilu folk children's game "jump square" as the object, analyze the visual symbols, and summarize the creative basis of "jump square" game picture books by virtue of the visual symbol characteristics of children's picture books and their important role in children's early education, so as to provide realistic possibility for picture book creation

Key words: Qilu folk custom, children's games, square jumping, symbols, culture < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Project introduction: special project of art education in Shandong Province, Project No.: zy20201325 < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > 1、 Overview < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Qilu folk children's game "jump square" is one of the very representative Qilu folk cultures, which can reflect the production, living customs and style of Qilu people. Folk culture comes into being with human production and life. It is a symbol of national and national spiritual culture with diverse forms and rich connotation. However, with the development of social urbanization, some folk cultures are gradually forgotten by people because of the gradual disappearance of the elements such as villages, population, production and lifestyle

With the advent of the era of picture reading, picture books have become one of the earliest book forms that children are exposed to, and play an important role in the guidance and construction of children's cognition. Taking Qilu folk children's game "jump square" as the object to analyze the visual symbols, and then form children's picture books, which can well inherit Qilu folk culture

2、 Qilu folk children's Games -- visual symbol analysis of square jumping < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Folk children's games are an important part of folk culture. China has a vast territory. "Hundreds of miles of different winds, ten miles of different customs". Different regions or folk children's games are completely different, or the same kind of games have different names and playing methods. Therefore, folk children's games have distinct regional characteristics. In Qilu area, square jumping is one of the folk games loved by children

1. What is square jumping < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Jumping square, also known as "touching tile" and "jumping room", most of the participants are girls. Usually, participants use twigs and gravel blocks that can be picked up anytime and anywhere to draw several squares connected together on the soil ground according to certain rules. With the development of society, it later evolved into drawing the squares on the cement ground with chalk. 2 people or 4 or 5 people participate in the game and appear in sequence according to the established order. There is a broken tile called "tile", which is often replaced by cloth shuttlecock. The main purpose of the game is to build a "house" and rank it according to the number of "houses" to win or lose


Figure 1 Schematic diagram of side hopping game (from the network) < / P > < p > < br / > < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > 2. Visual symbol analysis of square jumping game < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > 2.1 game square visual symbol analysis < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > The square of square jumping game is composed of lines and surfaces. Commonly, the form of square jumping is composed of two parts connected up and down. The upper part is a triangle, and the lower part is several squares composed of different sizes and quantities. Each square represents a "house". The basic form of the square is shown in Figure 2. In the process of the game, game participants will freely combine a variety of square forms according to their preferences. As shown in Figure 3, the more squares, the more difficult the game is



Figure 2 basic form of squares (drawn by the author)   Figure 3 combined form of squares (drawn by the author) < / P > < p > < br / > < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Comparing Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, it is found that the square lines in Fig. 1 are relatively vivid free lines rather than horizontal and vertical inorganic lines. The characteristics of this line are consistent with children's ability to express lines, and are also directly related to the tools for drawing squares and the ground conditions. The square jumping game is generally carried out in a relatively spacious open space. Each square should be able to place two feet and a "tile" while leaving enough space for feet to move, not too small. Taking the foot size of 6-year-old children as a reference, the minimum size of each square is about 60cm. For children of this age, it is difficult to draw multiple 60cm squares continuously on the ground without tool assistance. Therefore, it is difficult to draw horizontal or vertical lines, and it is easier to draw free lines as shown in Figure 1. The square in Figure 1 is the form of square in the game. The vivid square lines increase the interest of the picture. Therefore, it is more suitable for the performance of square jumping game in children's picture books

The squares in Figure 2 and figure 3 are drawn by the author according to the existing literature description of square jumping game. The lines are sorted and have strong generality. They are suitable for representing the basic framework structure of square jumping. However, due to the lack of change and vividness of the lines, they are not suitable for the performance of square jumping in children's picture books

Jumping square lattice is an imitation of the traditional house modeling in Qilu area. In Qilu area, housing has been regarded as a symbol of wealth and status since ancient times, and even the key to the success of marriage. Men, women, old and young attach great importance to housing construction. Children have been influenced by the process of house construction since childhood. Square jumping game is an abstract imitation of ancient house construction activities. Therefore, the overall shape of square jumping grid is consistent with the traditional house shape in Qilu area. Most of the traditional houses in Qilu area are thatched houses or tiled houses. The basic shape of the house can be summarized as rectangular bottom + triangular top, as shown in Figure 4. Qilu people's love for this kind of house shape has continued to this day and is still visible in modern architecture

Figure 4 Qilu folk houses (photographed by the author)   Figure 5 modern buildings (photographed by the author) < / P > < p > < br / > < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > 2.2 visual symbol analysis of jumping game props < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > "Tile" is an indispensable prop in the game. In addition to tiles, cloth shuttlecock is often used instead. Cloth shuttlecock, also known as sandbag, is sewn with six square cloth blocks of equal size. It is usually filled with coarse sand grains, and sometimes dry corn grains, soybeans and other grains. In this way, it will make a sound when throwing "tiles" to increase the interest of the game

The color and pattern of cloth shuttlecock reflect the aesthetics of the public. Most of the cloth used for sewing cloth shuttlecock are bits and pieces of cloth at home. According to the size of the cloth head, it can be sewn after cutting the same piece of cloth, or sewn after cutting several pieces of cloth of different colors. The effect of stitching directly reflects the aesthetic level of the stitcher

The cloth for sewing shuttlecock reflects the production and living standards. The cloth used to sew cloth shuttlecock is mainly the remaining cloth head for making clothes, quilts, bed sheets and so on. The fabric is mainly cotton with a single type, which reflects people's production and living standards at that time on the other hand

2.3 visual symbol analysis of game participants < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Although the square jumping game is children's imitation of building activities, the main participants of the game are mostly girls, which is different from the situation that building construction is dominated by men

As the main body of the square jumping game, the common dress of girls is wearing a short dress or short skirt suit, with a round head, a small braid called "sheep horn braid" on both sides, round eyes and mouth. China has always regarded circle as beauty and endowed it with beautiful meanings such as "perfection" and "Reunion". The circle in the figure modeling of picture books is the visual response and embodiment of traditional aesthetics

According to the above analysis, the visual symbols of the game participants are analyzed and sorted as shown in Table 1: < / P > < p > < img SRC = "/ picture / - 1 / a8f86904e39f4a09882c989380f52b7df. PNG" / > < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Table 1   visual symbol analysis of participants in square jumping game (drawn by the author) < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Visual symbol analysis of main elements < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Short skirt suit or dress skirt, highlighting the vitality and vitality of the little girl < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > The head shape is round, which is in line with the general aesthetic of China < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > The hair style is tied with a small ponytail on both sides of the round head, which looks lively and lovely < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Round faces are the most common types of faces, and they think plumpness and roundness are beautiful < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Facial features, big eyes, small mouth, double eyelids < / P > < p > < br / > < / P > < p > < br / > < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > 3、 Visual symbol analysis of folk children's picture books < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > Picture books, mainly called picture books in European and American countries, are picture books directly translated into Chinese, but the scope of Chinese "picture books" is very wide. Comics, comics, novels with illustrations and so on can be called picture books, which are not within the scope of this paper. The picture book referred to in this paper is a book form that uses the combination of picture and text to narrate

This part will take two popular folk children's picture books as cases to analyze the visual symbols, so as to provide reference for the creation of children's picture books with the theme of jumping square. The selection basis of picture book cases mainly comes from two aspects. On the one hand, it refers to the children's picture book sales data of online book sales platform Dangdang. On the other hand, it refers to the Douban score. Based on the data of these two parts, the final selected picture books are reunion and Kitchen God. According to Pierce's semiotic theory, the two picture books will be analyzed from three aspects: symbolic symbols, index symbols and image symbols


Figure 6 Reunion (from the Internet)   Figure 7 Kitchen God (from the Internet) < / P > < P style = "text indent: 2em;" > The picture book "Reunion" tells a story about the Chinese New Year. The father of "building a big house outside" only returns home once a year during the Chinese New Year. The father who returns home brings happiness, warmth and love to his family. The whole family is reunited and happy. story

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